Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil with Trans-esterification Process

Diesel fuel needs are increasing with the depletion of petroleum reserves demanded to undertake the manufacture of alternatives fuels, one of which is biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel and fuel adiditive are derived from organic, renewable feed stocks. Rubber seed oil is one type of vegetable oil that can be processed into biodiesel. This study is conducted the trans-esterification process with variable mole ratio and reaction time. The first stage is the esterification process in order to reduce FFA level contained in the rubber seed oil to ≤ 2 %. Ester which has been produced is processed into biodiesel by trans-esterification process using methanol solvent and KOH. The process of reacting ester and 50 ml of a 0.44 gr KOH (1% from the weight of ester) in a three-neck flask heated using water batch with temperature at 600C and stirring speed 600 rpm. Variable used is mole variation, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 and the reaction time variations are 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Reaction products which has been formed is precipitated about + 24 hours to separate the biodiesel with glycerol, and then washed it with water that has been heated by 10% of the total volume of biodiesel and separated again by using a funnel separator + 24 hours. Biodiesel obtained was distilled to evaporate residual catalyst, soap and water. The quality of biodiesel was tested in the laboratory of Technology Oil Gas and Coal Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. The results were obtained clear yellow biodiesel and glycerol as the other result. Optimal conditions obtained in the mole ratio variation is 1:5 with the results of biodiesel volume 48 ml, and the optimal condition at 60 minutes reaction time, the biodiesel volume produced is 96. Key Words: Biodiesel, rubber seed oil, trans-esterificatio

Implementasi Tari Tradisional Kalimantan Timur Dalam Mengembangkan Kecerdasan Kinestetik dan Kognitif Pada Anak Usia Dini di TK Negeri Samarinda

Planning for East Kalimantan traditional dance learning in developing kinesthetic and cognitive intelligence in early childhood, only in Samarinda 1 Public Kindergarten is carried out sequentially as follows; determine learning objectives, select interesting topics, determine projects, determine time frames, determine assessment criteria, provide materials and resources and provide support and guidance. Implementation of East Kalimantan traditional dance learning in developing kinesthetic and cognitive intelligence in early childhood, Samarinda 1 Public Kindergarten, as follows; the teacher selects projects that are relevant and interesting, provides sufficient resources, provides appropriate guidance, encourages collaboration and communication and evaluates learning outcomes. Whereas in TK Negeri 2 Samarinda and TK Negeri 10 Samarinda the teacher only chose which traditional dance themes were appropriate for early childhood and only selected a few children to teach East Kalimantan traditional dance. Evaluation of East Kalimantan traditional dance learning in developing kinesthetic and cognitive intelligence in early childhood, needs to be done to find out to what extent learning objectives have been achieved and how effective East Kalimantan traditional dance learning is in improving children's kinesthetic and cognitive intelligence

Relasi Zakat Dan Pajak: Studi Kasus Badan Amil Zakat Nasional Kabupaten Malang Dan Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Kepanjen Malang

This article aims to describe the differences in Act No. 38 of 1999 and Act No. 23 of 2011 and explain the relation zakat and tax after the enactment of Law No. 23 of 2011 in the district of Malang. Based on the above study it can be concluded that there are some differences between the Act No. 38 of 1999 and Act No. 23 of 2011 as a centralized power management of zakat, which is rigid in Indian conditions amil zakat institutions, as well as criminal penalties for managers who violate the provisions of the law. Zakat Management Act while recognizing the new zakat and tax relations. This was followed up administratively by BAZNAS Malang and the Tax Office Pratama Malang. Nonetheless, the public interest to use as the basis of proof of payment of zakat tax deduction has not been significant in the district of Malang.Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan perbedaan Undang-Undang No. 38 Tahun 1999 dan Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2011 serta menjelaskan relasi zakat dan pajak pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2011 di wilayah Kabupaten Malang. Berdasarkan kajian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada beberapa perbedaan antara Undang-Undang No. 38 Tahun 1999 dan Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2011 seperti sentralisasi yang kekuasaan pengelolaan zakat, syarat yang rigid dalam pendian lembaga amil zakat, serta adanya sanksi pidana bagi pengelola yang melanggar ketentuan undang-undang. Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Zakat yang baru tetap mengakui relasi zakat dan pajak. Hal ini ditindaklanjuti secara administratif oleh BAZNAS Kabupaten Malang dan Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Kabupaten Malang. Meskipun demikian, animo masyarakat menggunakan bukti pembayaran zakat sebagai dasar pengurang pajak belum signifikan di wilayah Kabupaten Malang

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN NILAI AGAMA DAN MORAL ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI KEGIATAN PRAKTEK SHALAT

Anak dilahirkan dalam keadaan fitrah atau suci, anak berpotensi untuk menjadi manusia be- ragama dan bermoral. Perkembangan keberagamaan dan moralitas anak usia dini dipandang sangat penting untuk dibahas, maka dengan demikian peneliti ingin melakukan suatu penelitian tentang hal yang berkaitan dengan aspek tersebut. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan nilai agama dan moral anak usia dini melalui praktek shalat. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek berjumlah 10 anak yaitu 5 anak perem- puan dan 5 anak laki-laki. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan deskrptif kualitatif. Ada- pun teknik penelitian menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi yang rele- van. Hasil penelitian pada kegiatan pertama pada aspek agama 30% dan aspek moral 70% sete- lah dilakukan implementasi kegiatan praktek shalat berubah menjadi pada aspek agama 60% dan aspek moral 80% terlihat perubahan hasil setelah dilakukannya kegiatan praktek shalat. Maka kegiatan praktek shalat ini merupakan salah satu alternatif bagi pendidik dalam kegiatan disekolah untuk menanamkan Nilai Agama Dan Moral bagi anak usia dini serta bermanfaat dan mampu mempraktekannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari sebagai suatu kewajiban.Children are born in a state of nature or holy, children have the potential to become religious and moral human beings. The development of early childhood religiosity and morality is seen as very important to discuss, therefore the researcher wants to conduct a study on matters relating to these aspects. The purpose of this research is to increase the religious and moral values of early childhood through the practice of prayer. The method in this research uses descriptive qualitative. Subjects consisted of 10 children, namely 5 girls and 5 boys. The data collection instrument used a qualitative descriptive. The research technique uses observation, interviews and relevant documentation. The results of the research on the first activity on the religious as- pect of 30% and the moral aspect of 70% after the implementation of prayer practice activities changed to 60% religious aspects and 80% moral aspects seen changes in results after the prac- tice of prayer activities. So this prayer practice activity is an alternative for educators in school activities to instill Religious and Moral Values for early childhood and is useful and able to practice it in everyday life as an obligation

KARAKTERISTIK REAKTOR HIDROGENASI MINYAK BIJI KAPUK UNTUK PEMBUATAN GREEN DIESEL

Green diesel merupakan salah satu solusi mengatasi kebutuhan bahan bakar diesel yang semakin meningkat, green diesel merupakan minyak diesel yang berasal dari hidrogenasi minyak nabati yang memiliki kualitas lebih baik dibandingkan biodiesel dan ramah lingkungan. Proses hidrogenasi minyak nabati menjadi green diesel dirancang di reaktor yang beroperasi pada suhu 250 0 C dan tekanan 10 atm, untuk beroperasi pada suhu dan tekanan tersebut maka perlu diketahui karakter reaktor juga suhu pemanasnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merancang reaktor hidrogenasi dan merancang pemanas reaktor juga uji temperatur pemanas.Pemanas listrik disambungkan dengan regulator tegangan, termokopel dipasang pada batu penahan panas tepat di atas elemen pemanas. Regulator diputar pada tegangan 100 volt, perubahan suhu dicatat tiap 5 menit, percobaan dihentikan apabila suhu sudah konstan , percobaan diulangi untuk tegangan 125,150,175,200 dan 225 volt. Percobaan diulang untuk mempelajari karakter perpindahan panas ke reaktor. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah reaktor hidrogenasi dirancang dari bahan stainless steel, beroperasi pada temperatur 250 0 C dengan tekanan 10 atm, Spesifikasi reaktor sebagai berikut : volume cairan 2 liter, tinggi reaktor 31 cm, diameter luar 15 cm dan diameter dalam 10 cm. Reaktor tabung ini dilihat dari persyaratan suhu dan kebutuhan panas dapat digunakan sebagai reaktor untuk hidrogenasi minyak biji kapuk. Pemanasan di reaktor dapat mencapai suhu 2400 C dengan menggunakan tegangan 175 Volt. . Kata kunci : Karakteristik , Reaktor hidrogenasi , Green diese

KARAKTERISTIK ARANG AKTIF DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA DENGAN PENGAKTIVASI H2SO4 VARIASI SUHU DAN WAKTU

Activated charcoal is charcoal that has activated for increasing its surface area by opening the pores so that increase the adsorption power. The surface area of the activated charcoal is between 300 and 3500 m2/g. Adsorption power from activated charcoal is very large, i.e. ¼ to 10 times the weight of activated charcoal. Activated charcoal is a good adsorbent for the adsorption of gases, liquids, and solution. Characteristics of activated charcoal which are moisture content, ash content, and absorption of the iodine. Manufacture of activated charcoal begins with soaking for 24 hours using 2N H2SO4 solution, after it was drained and then roasted to remove the remaining water. Moisture content test was doing by weighing 1 gram of activated charcoal and then put it ini the oven at 105-1100C temperature for 120 minutes. Ash content test was by weighing 1 gram of activated charcoal and put in the furnace at a temperature of 5000C for 30 minutes, raise the temperature to 8150C for 90 minutes. Determination of the absorption of iodine is to weigh approximately 0.5 gram of activated charcoal and mix with 50 ml of iodine solution 0,1 N. Shake it for 15 minutes. Take 10 ml of the sample solution and titrate with natrim thio sulfate solution 0.1 N. Adding amylum solution of 1% as an indicator to the titration result becomes colorless.Pada penelitian ini dihasilkan kondisi optimum pada suhu pengovenan 1000oC selama 60 menit. Arang aktif yang didapatkan pada kondisi ini memiliki kemampuan adsorbsi yang baik dengan kadar penyerapan iod yang tinggi sebesar 529,94 mg I2/gram arang.In this research produced the optimum conditions of oven temperature 10000C for 60 minutes. Activated charcoal obtained under these conditions has a good adsorption capability with high levels of iodine absorption of 529.94 mg I2/g charcoal

PENGARUH KEEFEKTIFAN PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF SRATEGI PROBLEM SOLVING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh model pembelajaran interaktif sreategi problem solving terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas X SMA MA’ARIF Brondong tahun ajaran 2021/2022. Dalam pengamatan yang dilakukan, masih rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi materi harga keseimbangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode quasi eksperime. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X-A yang berjumlah 20 siswa sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X-B yang berjumlah 20 siswa sebagai kelas kontrol, jadi jumlah responden keseluruhan adalah 40 siswa. Instrumen yang digunkan adalah tes hasil belajar, desain penelitian ini menggunakan Pretest & Postest Control Group Desing, dengan kondisi awal hasil belajar sebelum digunakan model pembelajaran interaktif strategi problem solving (Pretest) siswa seimbang. Rata-rata hasil belajar (pretest) diperoleh kelas eksperimen 48,25 dan kelas kontrol 34,45, sedangkan rata-rata hasil belajar setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran interktif strategi problem solving (postest) diperoleh kelas eksperimen 79,65 dan kelas kontrol 67,2. Analisis data perhitungan uji hipotesis diperoleh thitung = 2,323 > ttabel = 20,24. Maka hal tersebut menunjukkan ( HO ) ditolak dan ( Ha ) diterima. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran interaktif strategi problem solving terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi kelas X SMA MA’ARIF Brondong

Removal of Lead and Iron in Leachate Wastewater of The TPST Piyungan by Activated Natural Zeolite

Abstract: Landfill generates a problem of soil and water pollution, with leachate wastewater contaminating heavy metals. Wastewater treatment with natural zeolite adsorbents can remove heavy metals from wastewater. We have analyzed the leachate wastewater in the last pond at the wastewater treatment plant at the TPST Piyungan contains lead (Pb) ions of 2.13 mg/L and iron (Fe) of 9.94 mg/L, greater than the maximum levels allowed for sanitary hygienic water. according to the regulations of the Minister of Health. The concentration of Pb and Fe metal ions in wastewater can be removed by activated local natural zeolite adsorbents. The adsorbent was prepared from local natural zeolite by activation with ammonium nitrate solution and calcined at 300 oC for 2 hours. Characterization by XRD, BET-adsorption analysis, and SEM showed that activation can increase natural zeolite's surface area and pore size without being followed by a change in the crystal structure. The leachate adsorption experiment was carried out by varying the weight percentage of activated natural zeolite adsorbent and adsorption time. The concentration of Pb and Fe ions in wastewater can be reduced by activated natural zeolite adsorbents. Adsorption with 10% weight of natural zeolite and an adsorption time of 60 minutes delivered the best results. Under these adsorption conditions, the concentration of Pb ions decreased by 38.50% and that of Fe decreased by 67.10%. The adsorption treatment with activated natural zeolite can significantly reduce the concentration of Pb and Fe metal ions in the waste leachate of TPST Piyungan.Abstrak: Tempat Pembuangan Sampah (TPS) menimbulkan masalah polusi air dan tanah dengan air limbah lindi yang mengandung logam-logam berat. Perlakuan dengan adsorben zeolit alam dapat mengurangi logam berat dalam air limbah. Analisis dengan AAS menunjukkan bahwa air limbah pada kolam terakhir instalasi pengolahan air limbah di TPST Piyungan mengandung ion logam timbal (Pb) 2,13 mg/L dan besi 9,90 mg/L. Kadar kedua logam berat ini melebihi ambang batas yang dibolehkan dalam air untuk sanitasi higin menurut regulasi Kementerian Kesehatan. Konsentrasi ion logam Pb dan Fe dapat dikurangi dengan adsorben zeolit alam lokal yang diaktivasi. Adsorben dibuat dengan aktivasi zeolit alam lokal dengan larutan ammonium nitrat dan dikalsinasi pada 300oC selama 2 jam. Hasil analisis adsorben dengan XRD, analisis adsorpsi BET, dan SEM menunjukkan bahwa aktivasi dapat menaikkan luas permukaan zeolit dan ukuran pori tanpa diikuti perubahan struktur kristal. Eksperimen adsorpsi limbah lindi dilakukan dengan variasi persentase berat adsorben zeolit alam dan waktu adsorpsi. Konsentrasi ion Pb dan Fe dalam limbah lindi dapat dikurangi dengan adsorben zeolit alam teraktivasi. Hasil terbaik diperoleh dengan penggunaan 10% berat adsorben zeolit dan waktu adsorpsi 60 menit. Pada kondisi ini konsentrasi ion Pb berkurang 38,50% dan Fe turun sebesar 67,10%. Perlakuan adsorpsi dengan zeolit alam teraktivasi dapat mengurangi secara signifikan konsentrasi ion logam Pb dan Fe dalam limbah lindi TPST Piyungan