THE STRUCTURING OF SÃO PAULO CITY FROM THE ROADS AND RAILS (1867-1930)

This article presents a proposal for using digital cartography applied to the comparative analysis of a series of 13 historical maps of São Paulo city. The analysis sought to establish links between the rail transport infrastructure and the process of structuring the city of São Paulo between 1870 and 1930. Therefore, we produced thematic maps from a selection of historical maps of the city and the following were identified: urban sprawl, existing neighborhoods, planned housing developments, paths design, railways and streetcars. It proved to be a practical way for digital cartography to be supported by Geographic Information Systems made more agile for handling, visualization and overlapping information in different historical maps, facilitating the comparative analysis process of the structuring role of paths and trails in the formation of the urban area, the work hypothesis verified at the end of the article

Regulation of energy metabolism by interleukin-1 β, but not by interleukin-6, is mediated by nitric oxide in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

AbstractThe effects of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) on energy metabolism were studied in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Adenine nucleotide (ATP, ADP, and AMP) content, lactate production, the ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/β-hydroxybutyrate) reflecting the liver mitochondrial redox state (NAD+/NADH), and nitric oxide formation were measured. Insulin increased ATP content in hepatocytes and had a maximal effect after 8–12 h of culture. Both interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-α, significantly inhibited the ATP increase time- and dose-dependently. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 also stimulated lactate production. During the same period, interleukin-1 β but not interleukin-6 decreased the ketone body ratio. Furthermore, interleukin-1 β markedly stimulated nitric oxide formation in hepatocytes, and this increase was blocked by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. NG-monomethyl-l-arginine reversed inhibition of the ATP increase, decrease in the ketone body ratio, and increase in lactate production, which were induced by interleukin-lβ. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist completely abolished all of the effects induced by interleukin-1 β. These results demonstrated that interleukin-1 β and interleukin-6 affect the insulin-induced energy metabolism in rat hepatocytes by different mechanisms. Specifically, interleukin-1 β inhibits ATP synthesis by causing the mitochondrial dysfunction, a process which may be mediated by nitric oxide

CXCR4-expressing Mist1\u3csup\u3e+\u3c/sup\u3e progenitors in the gastric antrum contribute to gastric cancer development

Mist1 was recently shown to identify a discrete population of stem cells within the isthmus of the oxyntic gland within the gastric corpus. Chief cells at the base of the gastric corpus also express Mist1. The relevance of Mist1 expression as a marker of specific cell populations within the antral glands of the distal stomach, however, is unknown. Using Mist1-CreERT mice, we revealed that Mist1+ antral cells, distinct from the Mist1+ population in the corpus, comprise long-lived progenitors that reside within the antral isthmus above Lgr5+ or CCK2R+ cells. Mist1+ antral progenitors can serve as an origin of antral tumors induced by loss of Apc or MNU treatment. Mist1+ antral progenitors, as well as other antral stem/progenitor population, express Cxcr4, and are located in close proximity to Cxcl12 (the Cxcr4 ligand)-expressing endothelium. During antral carcinogenesis, there is an expansion of Cxcr4+ epithelial cells as well as the Cxcl12+ perivascular niche. Deletion of Cxcl12 in endothelial cells or pharmacological blockade of Cxcr4 inhibits antral tumor growth. Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling may be a potential therapeutic target

Critical role of C/EBPδ and C/EBPβ factors in the stimulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription by interleukin-1β in articular chondrocytes

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66367/1/j.1432-1033.2000.01778.x.pd

Nerve Growth Factor Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis through Aberrant Cholinergic Signaling

Within the gastrointestinal stem cell niche, nerves help to regulate both normal and neoplastic stem cell dynamics. Here, we reveal the mechanisms underlying the cancer-nerve partnership. We find that Dclk1+ tuft cells and nerves are the main sources of acetylcholine (ACh) within the gastric mucosa. Cholinergic stimulation of the gastric epithelium induced nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, and in turn NGF overexpression within gastric epithelium expanded enteric nerves and promoted carcinogenesis. Ablation of Dclk1+ cells or blockade of NGF/Trk signaling inhibited epithelial proliferation and tumorigenesis in an ACh muscarinic receptor-3 (M3R)-dependent manner, in part through suppression of yes-associated protein (YAP) function. This feedforward ACh-NGF axis activates the gastric cancer niche and offers a compelling target for tumor treatment and prevention

Mist1 Expressing Gastric Stem Cells Maintain the Normal and Neoplastic Gastric Epithelium and Are Supported by a Perivascular Stem Cell Niche

The regulation and stem cell origin of normal and neoplastic gastric glands are uncertain. Here, we show that Mist1 expression marks quiescent stem cells in the gastric corpus isthmus. Mist1+ stem cells serve as a cell-of-origin for intestinal-type cancer with the combination of Kras and Apc mutation and for diffuse-type cancer with the loss of E-cadherin. Diffuse-type cancer development is dependent on inflammation mediated by Cxcl12+ endothelial cells and Cxcr4+ gastric innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). These cells form the perivascular gastric stem cell niche, and Wnt5a produced from ILCs activates RhoA to inhibit anoikis in the E-cadherin-depleted cells. Targeting Cxcr4, ILCs, or Wnt5a inhibits diffuse-type gastric carcinogenesis, providing targets within the neoplastic gastric stem cell niche

CXCR4-expressing Mist1+ progenitors in the gastric antrum contribute to gastric cancer development

Mist1 was recently shown to identify a discrete population of stem cells within the isthmus of the oxyntic gland within the gastric corpus. Chief cells at the base of the gastric corpus also express Mist1. The relevance of Mist1 expression as a marker of specific cell populations within the antral glands of the distal stomach, however, is unknown. Using Mist1-CreERT mice, we revealed that Mist1+ antral cells, distinct from the Mist1+ population in the corpus, comprise long-lived progenitors that reside within the antral isthmus above Lgr5+ or CCK2R+ cells. Mist1+ antral progenitors can serve as an origin of antral tumors induced by loss of Apc or MNU treatment. Mist1+ antral progenitors, as well as other antral stem/progenitor population, express Cxcr4, and are located in close proximity to Cxcl12 (the Cxcr4 ligand)-expressing endothelium. During antral carcinogenesis, there is an expansion of Cxcr4+ epithelial cells as well as the Cxcl12+ perivascular niche. Deletion of Cxcl12 in endothelial cells or pharmacological blockade of Cxcr4 inhibits antral tumor growth. Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling may be a potential therapeutic target.Kosuke Sakitani, Yoku Hayakawa, Huan Deng, Hiroshi Ariyama, Hiroto Kinoshita ... Daniel L. Worthley... et al

Clinical significance of midkine expression in pancreatic head carcinoma

Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor and a product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene. Midkine is overexpressed in many carcinomas and thought to play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, no studies have been focussed on the role of MK in pancreatic carcinoma. This study sought to evaluate the clinical significance of MK expression in pancreatic head carcinoma, including the relationship between immunohistochemical expression and clinicopathologic factors such as prognosis. Immunohistochemical expression of MK and CD34 was evaluated in pancreatic head carcinoma specimens from 75 patients who underwent surgical resection. Midkine was expressed in 53.3% of patients. Midkine expression was significantly correlated with venous invasion, microvessel density, and liver metastasis (P=0.0063, 0.0025, and 0.0153, respectively). The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower for patients positive for MK vs patients negative for MK (P=0.0073). Multivariate analysis revealed that MK expression was an independent prognostic factor (P=0.0033). This is the first report of an association between MK expression and pancreatic head carcinoma. Midkine may play an important role in the progression of pancreatic head carcinoma, and evaluation of MK expression is useful for predicting malignant properties of pancreatic head carcinoma

トウゴウシッショウショウ カンジャ ノ フクヤク アドヒアランス ニ エイキョウ スル ヨウイン ノ タンサク ソウキ タイイン オ ヒカエタ カンジャ ニ ショウテン オ アテタ キソ テキ ケンキュウ

本研究の目的は、早期退院を控えた統合失調症患者の服薬アドヒアランスに影響する要因を探索し、看護実践の示唆を得ることであった。対象者は、精神科急性期治療病棟に入院中の統合失調症患者22名(男性9名、女性13名)、平均年齢44.6±13.0歳、平均罹病期間12.7±13.5年、平均入院回数2.8±3.1回、心理教育参加者15名であった。データ収集は、心理教育開催時期に合わせ、開催前にデモグラフィックスデータ、治療状況、CP換算値、機能の全体的評価、服薬アドヒアランス、服薬と病気の知識を測定し、開催後にCP換算値、機能の全体的評価、服薬アドヒアランス、服薬と病気の知識を測定した。データ分析には、強制投入法による重回帰分析を用いた。結果、服薬アドヒアランスへの影響要因は、年齢、罹病期間、職業、心理教育参加、心理教育開催前の服薬アドヒアランス(MPS、DAI-10)であり、モデル全体の78 ～ 86%が有意に説明された。これより、患者の個人特性を考慮した服薬アドヒアランスを高める支援を模索する必要性と、心理教育が患者の服薬アドヒアランス改善に向けた看護援助になり得ることが示唆された。This study aimed to explore factors affecting drug adherence before hospital discharge in patients with schizophrenia, and determine the implications for nursing practice. The subjects were 22 patients with schizophrenia (male: 9, female: 13) who had been hospitalized in acute psychiatric units (mean age: 44.6±13.0 years, mean disease duration: 12.7±13.5 years, mean number of hospitalizations: 2.8±3.1 times) and 15 participants in a psychoeducational program. The subjects\u27demographic data, therapeutic situation, CP equivalents, assessment of overall function, drug adherence, and knowledge of medication and disease were measured before conducting the psychoeducational program, and CP equivalents, assessment of overall function, drug adherence, and knowledge of medication and disease were re-measured after the final session of the program. Data were forcibly entered into a multiple regression analysis. As the results, age, disease duration, occupation, participation in the psychoeducational program, and drug adherence at the initial measurement (MPS, DAI-10) were identified as factors affecting drug adherence, which significantly explained 78-86% of the variance. These results suggest the need for drug adherence support considering each patient\u27s individuality, and the possibility of employing a psychoeducational program to promote nursing support for improving a patient\u27s drug adherence