On Logarithmic Sobolev Inequality And A Scalar Curvature Formula For Noncommutative Tori

In the first part of this thesis, a noncommutative analogue of Gross\u27 logarithmic Sobolev inequality for the noncommutative 2-torus is investigated. More precisely, Weissler\u27s result on the logarithmic Sobolev inequality for the unit circle is used to propose that the logarithmic Sobolev inequality for a positive element $a= \sum a_{m,n} U^{m} V^{n}$ of the noncommutative 2-torus should be of the form $$\tau(a^{2} \log a)\leqslant \underset{(m,n)\in \mathbb{Z}^{2}}{\sum} (\vert m\vert + \vert n\vert) \vert a_{m,n} \vert ^{2} + \tau (a^{2})\log ( \tau (a^2))^{1/2},$$ where $\tau$ is the normalized positive faithful trace of the noncommutative 2-torus. A possible approach to prove this inequality for arbitrary positive elements will involve a noncommutative multinomial expansion and seems to be exceedingly complicated. In this thesis the above inequality is proved for a particular class of elements of the noncommutative 2-torus. In the second part of this thesis, the scalar curvature of the curved noncommutative 3-torus is studied. In fact, the standard volume form on the noncommutative 3-torus is conformally perturbed and the corresponding perturbed Laplacian is analyzed. Then using Connes\u27 pseudodifferential calculus for the noncommutative 3-torus, the first three terms of the small time heat kernel expansion for the perturbed Laplacian are derived. Moreover, by using the third term of this expansion and the Cauchy integral formula, the scalar curvature of the curved noncommutative 3-torus is defined. Finally, proving a rearrangement lemma, the scalar curvature is computed and an explicit local formula that describes the curvature in terms of the conformal factor is given

Floquet states and optical conductivity of an irradiated two dimensional topological insulator

We study the topology of the Floquet states and time-averaged optical conductivity of the lattice model of a thin topological insulator subject to a circularly polarized light using the extended Kubo formalism. Two driving regimes, the off-resonant and on-resonant, and two models for the occupation of the Floquet states, the ideal and mean-energy occupation, are considered. In the ideal occupation, the real part of DC optical Hall conductivity is shown to be quantized while it is not quantized for the mean energy distribution. The optical transitions in the Floquet band structure depend strongly on the occupation and also the optical weight which consequently affect all components of optical conductivity. At high frequency regime, we present an analytical calculation of the effective Hamiltonian and also its phase diagram which depends on the tunneling energy between two surfaces. The topology of the system shows rich phases when it is irradiated by a weak on-resonant drive giving rise to emergence of anomalous edge states.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Muscle stimulation timing while implementing Ura Mawashi Geri in Iranian elite women

Introduction: Karate is a martial art in which the technics are performed by kicks, punches (hand) and rotational movements. Ura MAWASHI GERI is a kind of kick which involves the core stability muscles of Lumbar – Pelvic areas, Quadriceps muscle (Lower extremity) and knee and lumbar – pelvic joints while being performed. The purpose of this research is to determine the muscle stimulation time pattern of Gluteus Medius (GM), External Oblique (EO) and Quadriceps muscles such as Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateralis (VL) at any phases of the implementation of the technique by the dominant leg. The muscular activities of VM, VL, EO and GM in 5 Iranian healthy elite Karatekas (in average age of (21/4) were recorded by the Electromyography device. The onset latency of the muscle activity and the Goniometric data (Knee Joint) were defined after processing the RMS of data and according to the Mean+4sd. After that, the average of the obtained records was used to determine the onset of each muscle separately at all phases of the implementation of the techniques. The results showed Glutesus Medius, at the phases of one, four, and five, and Vatus Medialis, at the phases of two and six, and the External Oblique at the third phase act earlier in comparison with other muscles

In vivo reprogramming: A new approach for tissue repair in chronic diseases

Medical researchers and biologists have long been fascinated by the possibility of changing the identity of cells, a phenomenon known as cellular plasticity. Now, we know that differentiated cells can be experimentally coaxed to become pluripotent (cellular reprogramming). Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in cell identity are not limited to the laboratory, but also the tissue cells in live organisms are subjected to this process, too (endogenous cellular reprograming). Nowadays “reprogramming technology” has created new opportunities in understanding human chronic diseases, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. This technology have enabled the generation of various specific cell types including cardiomyocytes, pancreatic beta cell, and neurons, from patient’s cells such as skin fibroblasts. Reprogramming technology provides a novel cell source for autologous cell transplantation. But, cell transplantation faces several difficult hurdles such as cell production and purification, long-term survival, and functional integration after transplantation. Recently, in vivo reprogramming, which uses endogenous cells for tissue repair, has emerged as a new approach to circumvent cell transplantation. Up till now, in vivo reprogramming has been practiced in the mouse pancreas, heart, brain, and spinal cord with various degrees of success. In this review, we summarize the progress made, therapeutic potentials, and the challenges ahead in this emerging research area

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacterial populations isolated from medical plants of Iran

Endophytic actinobacteria colonize inside the plant tissues without causing damages to the host plant. Since these microorganisms colonize in the different parts of plants and can stop plant disease, they have been applied as biological agents for controlling human diseases. The aim of this study was molecular identification and measuring the antimicrobial activity of endophytic Actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plants of Iran. Materials and Methods: The total of 23 medicinal plant samples were collected, sterilized, and crushed. Small pieces of the crushed samples were then cultured directly on three selective media. Grown colonies were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Each isolate was cultured in TSB medium and then antimicrobial compound was extracted using ethyl acetate and tested against the target bacteria. Results: Sixteen out of 23 bacterial isolates (69%) exhibited antimicrobial activity against the selected pathogenic bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mi-rabilis, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Our Study showed a high phylogenetic diversity and the potent antibiotic activity of endophytic bacteria in medicinal plants of Iran. © 2017, Tehran University of Medical Science. All rights reserved

Short-Term Results of Sutureless Scleral Tunnel Trabeculectomy Using Adjunctive Topical Bevacizumab

This study was performed to assess the short-term effect of sutureless scleral tunnel trabeculectomy procedure with and without topical bevacizumab. Thirty patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) were enrolled and randomly divided to two groups. Patients in the first group (15 patients) underwent sutureless trabeculectomy without topical bevacizumab and patients in the second group (15 patients) underwent sutureless trabeculectomy with 1.25 mg of topical bevacizumab. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) of both groups was measured by an expert ophthalmologist, without awareness of the patient’s study group before the operation and six months post-operatively. Out of 30 patients in this study, six females (40%) and nine males (60%) underwent the sutureless trabeculectomy procedure (group A) as well as seven females (46.7%) and eight males (53.3%) underwent sutureless trabeculectomy with topical bevacizumab (group B). The mean age of the patients was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.91). A statistically significant difference in time variation of IOP was found between the two groups (P < 0.001). Mean IOP was 18.4 ± 4.35 mmHg in the sutureless group without bevacizumab and 11.73 ± 2.12 mmHg in the sutureless group with bevacizumab, six months post-surgically. No statistical significant differences were found in the baseline IOP between the two groups (P = 0.28). However, IOP changed significantly in group A and B from baseline to six months post-operatively (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001 respectively). According to the current findings, the sutureless trabeculectomy procedure is an effective surgical method for reduction of IOP. Addition of a single dose of 1.25 mg topical bevacizumab was more effective in reduction of IOP compared to sutureless trabeculectomy alone.Â

Comparing midazolam-bupivacaine and neostigmine-bupivacaine for caudal anesthesia in children undergoing herniorrhaphy

Introduction: Neostigmine and midazolam are each added to bupivacaine for the purpose of caudal anesthesia. In this study, we compared neostigmine and midazolam, each coadministered with bupivacaine, in terms of analgesia and side effects during pediatric inguinal hernia operations.Material and Methods: We included 60 children 1–6 years-old, candidates for elective unilateral herniorrhaphy. After general anesthesia induction with inhaled sevoflurane, a caudal block was performed. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two trial groups: midazolam group received bupivacaine 25% 1 ml/kg with midazolam 50µg/kg, and neostigmine group received bupivacaine 25% 1 ml/kg with neostigmine 2 µg/kg through the caudal route. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation were recorded before induction and every five minutes after caudal anesthesia up to 30 minutes. Pain and sedation scores were recorded at two, four, six, 12, and 24 hours after the operation, along with rescue analgesia dosage, vomiting, and respiratory depression.Results: Mean duration of analgesia in the midazolam group was similar to the neostigmine group (18.8±9 vs. 20.4±7.5; P= 0.44).The analgesic dosage required was not significantly lower in the neostigmine group compared to the midazolam group (58.3±121.7 VS .70.8±125.8; P=0.63).The number of patients who needed analgesic agents was similar in both groups (P= 0.76). Nausea (P= <0.05) and vomiting (P=0.01) rates were higher in the neostigmine group.Conclusion: Midazolam (50 µg/kg) compared to neostigmine (2 µg/kg) provided higher sedation along with lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Postoperative apnea among premature or anemic infants undergoing inguinal hernia repair

Introduction: Premature or anemic newborns undergoing hernia repair are prone to more postoperative complications than full-term infants. The incidence of respiratory complications among these patients is more than 30%, being postoperative apnea the most common. Some investigators found that gestational and postconceptional age, the presence of continuing apneic episodes and anemia are the main determinants of postoperative apnea. It seems that infants who do not receive intravenous anesthetics experience less respiratory complications. Intravenous anesthetics have hepatic metabolism for elimination and the immature liver of the premature has not sufficient elimination capacity. Materials and Methods: Study participants were 1047 neonates with post conceptual age (PCA) lower than 60 weeks undergoing inguinal hernia operation. Sevoflurane gas mask was used for anesthesia induction and during deep anesthesia, caudal block was administered using 1cc/kg bupivacaine 2%. The neonates were managed with spontaneous breathing with Sevoflurane gas mask or endotracheal tube until the end of the operation. Results: In the present study, 916 (87.5%) male and 131 (12.5%) female neonates were included. Mean gestational age and PCA were 36.62 ± 38.0 and 46.80 ± 45.60 weeks respectively. Postoperative apnea did not occur in any patient. Conclusion: Many studies confirm our findings that inhaled sedative drugs without hepatic or renal metabolism are safe for sedation of premature or anemic infants