Effects of High-Probability Request Sequences on Preschoolers' Compliance and Disruptive Behavior

A high-probability request sequence was implemented with three preschool children with developmental delays within their classroom during typical activities. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used to evaluate the effects of the high-probability request sequence on compliant responding to low-probability requests and the occurrence of disruptive behavior. Results of the study indicate that the use of the high-probability request sequence was effective in increasing compliant responding to low-probability requests delivered by two different trainers for all children. No increases in disruptive behavior were noted as a result of using the high-probability request sequence. When the high-probability request sequence was withdrawn, compliant responding to low-probability requests was maintained for all children across time and in different settings.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44805/1/10864_2004_Article_416137.pd

Effect of animal trampling on the properties of a soil. Part II: infiltration and saturated hydraulic conductivity

Fil: Martínez, Daniel A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; Argentina.Fil: Landini, Ana M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; Argentina.Fil: Soza, Eudardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Maquinaria Agrícola; Argentina.Fil: Sainato, Claudia M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; Argentina.Fil: Heredia, Olga S. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Edafología; Argentina.It is important to predict the infiltration process of a soil in order to develop future management strategies for animal production that take into account contamination risks. There are few studies in which basic infiltration rate (TIB) and saturated hydraulic conductivities measured in laboratory (Ks) are compared. The objectives of this study were: 1) To measure the infiltration process for four trampling intensities: zero (control), medium, high and very high; 2) To measure and compare the TIB and Ks; 3) To evaluate the efficiency of the Green and Ampt model (GA) and several pedotransfer functions (FPT) in predicting the infiltration process. The study was carried out in an animal production facility located in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with Argiudolls soils in a plain with planted grasslands. The infiltration process was measured with rings of Muntz and Ks in the laboratory using a constant head permeameter. It was found that the TIB decreased to half its value in areas with very high trampling with respect to the control soil. Ks were lower in areas with higher trampling. It was concluded that Ks values were between 5 and 10 times higher than those of TIB. The GA model predicted the approximate infiltration process when its parameters were obtained by FPT from European soils, but not with FPT with parameters from American soils. This is attributed to the fact that Ks values predicted by the European FPT are lower than those obtained using American FPTs.Es importante predecir el proceso de infiltración en el suelo para elaborar estrategias de manejo de la producción animal, que tengan en cuenta riesgos de contaminación. Por otra parte, existen pocos trabajos en donde se comparan las tasas de infiltración básicas (TIB) medidas a campo con las conductividades hidráulicas saturadas (Ks) obtenidas en laboratorio. Los objetivos del experimento fueron: 1) Medir el proceso de infiltración para cuatro intensidades de pisoteo: nula (testigo), media, alta y muy alta; 2) Medir y comparar las TIB de campo y las Ks en laboratorio; 3) Evaluar la eficiencia del modelo Green y Ampt (GA) junto con el de varias funciones de pedotransferencia (FPT) para predecir el proceso de infiltración. El estudio se realizó en un establecimiento de producción animal ubicado en Buenos Aires, Argentina, con suelos Argiudoles, en una llanura con pastura implantada. El proceso de infiltración se midió con anillos de Muntz y la Ks en laboratorio con un permeámetro de carga constante. Se encontró que la TIB disminuyó a la mitad de su valor en los sectores con muy alta carga animal respecto del suelo testigo. La Ks resultó menor en sitios con mayor carga animal. Conclusiones: Los valores de Ks resultaron entre 5 y 10 veces mayores que los de TIB. El modelo de GA predijo en forma aproximada el fenómeno de infiltración cuando sus parámetros fueron obtenidos por una FPT proveniente de suelos europeos, no así con parámetros de suelos norteamericanos. Esto se atribuye a que los valores de Ks predichos por la FPT europea son menores a los obtenidos con las FPTs de suelos norteamericanos

Effect of animal trampling on the properties of a soil. Part I: bulk density, moisture, penetration resistance, and associated models

Fil: Martínez, Daniel Alfredo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; ArgentinaFil: Landini, Ana María. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Maquinaria Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Heredia, Olga Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Maquinaria Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Sainato, Claudia Mabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; ArgentinaThe intensification of animal production leads to increased soil trampling, which is an effect that has not been studied extensively. The objectives of this study were: 1) To compare the bulk density (DA) at two different depths for four levels of trampling intensity (Ip); 2) To compare the mechanical strength (Rp) of the soil, in the same range of soil moisture and at two different depths for four levels of Ip; 3) To study the dependence of Rp with DA, and the gravimetric moisture (H) for four levels of Ip using the models proposed by Busscher and by Ayers. The study was carried out in an animal production facility located in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, on a plain with planted legume and grass pastures. Certain sectors were used for grazing and other sectors for mechanical cutting without trampling. DA, H and Rp were measured for four Ip levels: zero (A), medium (B), high (C) and very high (D). Texture and total carbon (CT) of the soil were determined. It was found the lowest value of DA (0.98 g cm-3) in group D between 0 and 10 cm, attributed to its high content of CT (682 g kg-1). Group A had the lowest Rp value between 0 and 10 cm (4.41 MPa). It was concluded that, unlike DA, Rp was a good indicator of the Ip in the depths from 0-10 cm. Models that relate Rp with H and DA would not apply to soils where the content of CT is high and there is loss of structure by poaching.La intensificación de la producción ganadera conduce a incrementar el pisoteo del suelo, efecto que no ha sido estudiado exhaustivamente. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) Comparar la densidad aparente (DA) a dos profundidades para cuatro niveles de intensidad de pisoteo (Ip); 2) Comparar, dentro del mismo rango de humedad y a dos profundidades, la resistencia mecánica (Rp) del suelo para cuatro niveles de Ip; 3) Estudiar la dependencia Rp con la DA y la humedad gravimétrica (H) para cuatro niveles de Ip con los modelos de Busscher y de Ayers. El estudio se realizó en un establecimiento de producción animal ubicado en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en una llanura con pradera implantada de leguminosas y gramíneas. Ciertos sectores se destinaban a pastoreo directo y otros a corte mecánico sin pisoteo animal. Se midieron DA, H y Rp para cuatro niveles de Ip: nula (A), media (B), alta (C), y muy alta (D). Se determinó la textura y el carbono total (CT) del suelo. Se encontró el menor valor de DA (0,98 g cm-3) en el grupo D entre 0 y 10 cm, atribuido al gran contenido de CT (682 g kg-1). El grupo A presentó el valor de Rp más bajo, entre 0 y 10 cm (4,41 MPa). Se concluyó que la Rp resultó ser un buen indicador de la Ip en la profundidad de 0 a 10 cm, no así la DA. Los modelos que relacionan Rp con H y DA no serían aplicables a suelos en donde los contenidos de CT son altos y existe pérdida de estructura por amasado

Modelos de Infiltración y Funciones de Pedotransferencia aplicados a Suelos de distinta Textura

Fil: Landiini, Ana M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía Cátedra de Física; Argentina.Fil: Martínez, Daniel A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; Argentina.Fil: Días, Hugo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Riego y Drenaje; Argentina.Fil: Soza, Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Maquinaria Agrícola; Argentina.Fil: Agnes, Diego. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Maquinaria Agrícola; Argentina.Fil: Sainato, Claudia M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Física; Argentina.The knowledge of the process of water infiltration in soil is important in the design of irrigation systems and in the prediction of the vulnerability to the contamination of soil and groundwater. Moreover, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of the hydrological models that predict the movement of water in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate and to compare the goodness of fitting of Kostiakov-Lewis (K-L) and Philip (Ph) infiltration models to experimental data obtained from three soils: two of them at the Province of Buenos Aires, and the third one at the School of Agronomy’s campus of the Buenos Aires University, (Argentina). Efficiency of Saxton and Rawls (SyR) pedotransfer functions (FPT) on the determination of the Green and Ampt (GA) model input hydraulic parameters and the prediction of the soil-moisture release curve were analyzed too. K-L and Ph models fitted data with R2 coefficient greater than 0.6. Then it was concluded that these models accurately describe the infiltration process of the studied soils. The highest basic infiltration rate (fo) was 0.42 cm min-1 and corresponded to a silty clay soil with organic amendment, and for the other two soils (silt loam and clay loam) were 0.03 and 0.07 cm min-1 respectively. For two of the studied soils, GA model obtained from input parameters determined with the FPT, predicted the infiltration process with an efficiency coefficient (CE) greater than 0.8. However, at some cases, the fitting was not so good for dephts greater than 20 cm. For the silt loam soil, the FPT predicted the soil-moisture release curve with an CE close to 0.9. It might be suggested to carry out a preliminary few number of infiltration tests on any soil under study, and analyze the FPT and the GA model goodness of fit. In this way, the convenience of using these models could be evaluated.El conocimiento del proceso de infiltración del agua en el suelo es de importancia en el diseño de sistemas de riego y en la predicción de la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación del suelo y de las aguas subterráneas. Por otra parte, es importante evaluar la eficiencia de los modelos hidrológicos que predicen el movimiento del agua en el suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar y comparar la bondad de ajuste de los modelos de infiltración de Kostiakov-Lewis (K-L) y Philip (Ph) a los datos experimentales, obtenidos en tres suelos: dos en la Pcia. de Buenos Aires y uno en el predio experimental de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. También se analizó la eficiencia de las funciones de pedotransferencia (FPT) de Saxton y Rawls (SyR) en la determinación de los parámetros hidráulicos de entrada del modelo de infiltración de Green y Ampt (GA) y en la predicción de la curva de liberación de agua. Los modelos de K-L y Ph ajustaron con R2 mayores a 0,6 de lo cual se concluye que son altamente eficientes para describir el comportamiento de la infiltración de agua en los suelos estudiados. La mayor tasa de infiltración básica (fo) fue de 0,42 cm min-1 y correspondió a un suelo arcillo-limoso con enmienda orgánica. Los otros dos suelos, franco-limoso y francoarcilloso, exhibieron valores máximos de 0,03 y 0,07 cm min-1 respectivamente. El modelo de GA, a partir de las FPT, predijo los valores de infiltración con coeficientes de eficiencia (CE) mayores a 0,8 para dos de los suelos estudiados, aunque se obtuvieron algunas discrepancias por debajo de los 20 cm de profundidad. Para el suelo franco limoso las FPT predijeron la curva característica de humedad con un CE cercano a 0,9. Se aconseja realizar un número pequeño de ensayos preliminares en cualquier suelo bajo estudio, y analizar la bondad de predicción de estas funciones en esos sitios, descartando de este modo, situaciones que se apartan de las hipótesis del modelo

Geochemistry of As-, F- and B-bearing waters in and around San Antonio de los Cobres, Argentina, and implications for drinking and irrigation water quality

Spring, stream and tap waters from in and around San Antonio de los Cobres, Salta, Argentina, were sampled to characterize their geochemical signatures, and to determine whether they pose a threat to human health and crops. The spring waters are typical of geothermal areas world-wide, in that they are Na-Cl waters with high concentrations of Astot, As(III), Li, B, HCO3, F and SiO2 (up to 9.49, 8.92, 13.1, 56.6, 1250, 7.30 and 57.2 mg L-1, respectively), and result from mixing of deep Na-Cl brines and meteoric HCO3-rich waters. Springs close to the town of San Antonio have higher concentrations of all elements, and are generally cooler, than springs in the Baños de Agua Caliente. Spring water chemistry is a result of mixing of deep Na-Cl brines and meteoric HCO3 waters. Stream waters are also Na-Cl type, and receive large inputs of all elements from the springs near San Antonio, but concentrations decrease downstream through the town of San Antonio due to mineral precipitation. The spring that is used as a drinking water source, and other springs in the area, have As, F and B concentrations in excess of WHO and Argentinian drinking water guidelines. Evaluation of the waters for irrigation purposes suggests that their high salinities and B concentrations may adversely affect crops. The waters may be improved for drinking and irrigation by dilution with cleaner meteoric waters, mineral precipitation or by use of commercial filters. Such recommendations could also be followed by other settlements that draw drinking and irrigation waters from geothermal sources

POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies

Algorithmic fairness aims to address the economic, moral, social, and political impact that digital systems have on populations through solutions that can be applied by service providers. Fairness frameworks do so, in part, by mapping these problems to a narrow definition and assuming the service providers can be trusted to deploy countermeasures. Not surprisingly, these decisions limit fairness frameworks' ability to capture a variety of harms caused by systems. We characterize fairness limitations using concepts from requirements engineering and from social sciences. We show that the focus on algorithms' inputs and outputs misses harms that arise from systems interacting with the world; that the focus on bias and discrimination omits broader harms on populations and their environments; and that relying on service providers excludes scenarios where they are not cooperative or intentionally adversarial. We propose Protective Optimization Technologies (POTs). POTs provide means for affected parties to address the negative impacts of systems in the environment, expanding avenues for political contestation. POTs intervene from outside the system, do not require service providers to cooperate, and can serve to correct, shift, or expose harms that systems impose on populations and their environments. We illustrate the potential and limitations of POTs in two case studies: countering road congestion caused by traffic-beating applications, and recalibrating credit scoring for loan applicants.Comment: Appears in Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* 2020). Bogdan Kulynych and Rebekah Overdorf contributed equally to this work. Version v1/v2 by Seda G\"urses, Rebekah Overdorf, and Ero Balsa was presented at HotPETS 2018 and at PiMLAI 201