Der Zusammenhang von Lebensform und Lebensstil

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensform und Lebensstil. Dieser wurde mit Hilfe von zwei verschiedenen Methoden untersucht. Einerseits wurde eine theoretische Bearbeitung des Themas durchgeführt und andererseits eine empirische Analyse. Die unterschiedlichen Lebensformen und Lebensstile wurden im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit definiert und herausgearbeitet. Zudem ist auf die Charakteristik der Lebensformen eingegangen worden um festzustellen, ob sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Lebensformen unterscheiden. Es konnte ein Unterschied festgestellt werden, welcher auf unterschiedliche Lebensstile hindeutet. Im Rahmen der empirischen Analyse wurde anhand der Daten des European Social Survey Round 3 2006/2007 (ESS3-2006) ein Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensform und Lebensstil festgestellt. Mit der Methode der Clusteranalyse wurden die Lebensstile ermittelt und die Korrespondenzanalyse diente dazu, einen Zusammenhang festzustellen. Es wurde nicht nur ein Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensstil und Lebensform gefunden, zusätzlich kann noch gesagt werden, dass das Geschlecht einen Einfluss auf den Lebensstil ausübt. Abschließend ist zu erwähnen, dass mit Hilfe der vorliegenden Arbeit zwar ein Zusammenhang zwischen Lebensstil und Lebensform gefunden werden konnte, es allerdings weiterer Untersuchungen bedarf, um zu genaueren Ergebnissen zu gelangen, da anhand einer Sekundäranalyse nur richtungweisende Aussagen gemacht werden können.The aim of this thesis is to investigate if there is a connection between living arrangements and lifestyles. To achieve this goal two different methods were used. The paper is divided into two parts: a theoretical section and an empirical analysis. In the theoretical part the terms used are defined. Furthermore, the different living arrangements are characterised. It was established that the different living arrangements have different frameworks which can lead to the suggestion that there is a connection between lifestyles and living arrangements. In the second step, different statistical methods were used to find a connection. The statistical analysis was conducted on the basis of the data of the European Social Survey Round 3 2006/2007 (ESS3-2006). With the help of cluster analysis, lifestyles were formed. Correspondence analysis was used to evaluate if there is a connection between lifestyles and living arrangements. The results not only show that lifestyles and living arrangements are connected but, furthermore, indicate that there is also an alliance between lifestyles and gender. It has to be stated that further research is required due to the fact that secondary analysis can only give directions and not final results

Cryogenic infrared spectroscopy reveals remarkably short NH+⋯F hydrogen bonds in fluorinated phenylalanines

In past decades, hydrogen bonds involving organic fluorine have been a highly disputed topic. Obtaining clear evidence for the presence of fluorine-specific interactions is generally difficult because of their weak nature. Today, the existence of hydrogen bonds with organic fluorine is widely accepted and supported by numerous studies. However, strong bonds with short H⋯F distances remain scarce and are primarily found in designed model compounds. Using a combination of cryogenic gas-phase infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory, we here analyze a series of conformationally unrestrained fluorinated phenylalanine compounds as protonated species. The results suggest proximal NH+⋯F hydrogen bonds with an exceptionally close H⋯F distance (1.79 Å) in protonated ortho-fluorophenylalanine

Structural and functional analysis of the archaeal endonuclease Nob1

Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis requires the concerted action of numerous ribosome assembly factors, for most of which structural and functional information is currently lacking. Nob1, which can be identified in eukaryotes and archaea, is required for the final maturation of the small subunit ribosomal RNA in yeast by catalyzing cleavage at site D after export of the preribosomal subunit into the cytoplasm. Here, we show that this also holds true for Nob1 from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, which efficiently cleaves RNA-substrates containing the D-site of the preribosomal RNA in a manganese-dependent manner. The structure of PhNob1 solved by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a PIN domain common with many nucleases and a zinc ribbon domain, which are structurally connected by a flexible linker. We show that amino acid residues required for substrate binding reside in the PIN domain whereas the zinc ribbon domain alone is sufficient to bind helix 40 of the small subunit rRNA. This suggests that the zinc ribbon domain acts as an anchor point for the protein on the nascent subunit positioning it in the proximity of the cleavage site

Labeling of Mucin-Type <i>O</i>‑Glycans for Quantification Using Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection

O-glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that is essential for the defensive properties of mucus barriers. Incomplete and altered O-glycosylation is often linked to severe diseases, such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Originating from a nontemplate-driven biosynthesis, mucin-type O-glycan structures are very complex. They are often present as heterogeneous mixtures containing multiple isomers. Therefore, the analysis of complex O-glycan mixtures usually requires hyphenation of orthogonal techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (MS). However, MS-based techniques are mainly qualitative. Moreover, LC separation of O-glycans often lacks reproducibility and requires sophisticated data treatment and analysis. Here we present a mucin-type O-glycomics analysis workflow that utilizes hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for separation and fluorescence labeling for detection and quantification. In combination with mass spectrometry, a detailed analysis on the relative abundance of specific mucin-type O-glycan compositions and features, such as fucose, sialic acids, and sulfates, is performed. Furthermore, the average number of monosaccharide units of O-glycans in different samples was determined. To demonstrate universal applicability, the method was tested on mucins from different tissue types and mammals, such as bovine submaxillary mucins, porcine gastric mucins, and human milk mucins. To account for day-to-day retention time shifts in O-glycan separations and increase the comparability between different instruments and laboratories, we included fluorescently labeled dextran ladders in our workflow. In addition, we set up a library of glucose unit values for all identified O-glycans, which can be used to simplify the identification process of glycans in future analyses

Ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry of mucin-type O-glycans

The dense O-glycosylation of mucins plays an important role in the defensive properties of the mucus hydrogel. Aberrant glycosylation is often correlated with inflammation and pathology such as COPD, cancer, and Crohn's disease. The inherent complexity of glycans and the diversity in the O-core structure constitute fundamental challenges for the analysis of mucin-type O-glycans. Due to coexistence of multiple isomers, multidimensional workflows such as LC-MS are required. To separate the highly polar carbohydrates, porous graphitized carbon is often used as a stationary phase. However, LC-MS workflows are time-consuming and lack reproducibility. Here we present a rapid alternative for separating and identifying O-glycans released from mucins based on trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry. Compared to established LC-MS, the acquisition time is reduced from an hour to two minutes. To test the validity, the developed workflow was applied to sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients to map O-glycosylation features associated with disease

The association of late-acting snoRNPs with human pre-ribosomal complexes requires the RNA helicase DDX21

Translation fidelity and efficiency require multiple ribosomal (r)RNA modifications that are mostly mediated by small nucleolar (sno)RNPs during ribosome production. Overlapping basepairing of snoRNAs with pre-rRNAs often necessitates sequential and efficient association and dissociation of the snoRNPs, however, how such hierarchy is established has remained unknown so far. Here, we identify several late-acting snoRNAs that bind pre-40S particles in human cells and show that their association and function in pre-40S complexes is regulated by the RNA helicase DDX21. We map DDX21 crosslinking sites on pre-rRNAs and show their overlap with the basepairing sites of the affected snoRNAs. While DDX21 activity is required for recruitment of the late-acting snoRNAs SNORD56 and SNORD68, earlier snoRNAs are not affected by DDX21 depletion. Together, these observations provide an understanding of the timing and ordered hierarchy of snoRNP action in pre-40S maturation and reveal a novel mode of regulation of snoRNP function by an RNA helicase in human cells