Cold pasteurization of rainbow trout fillet (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with gamma rays and shelf life assessment at refrigerated condition

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma rays on shelf life and fatty acids composition of Rainbow trout fillet (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerating condition. Quality and shelf life of non-irradiated and irradiated (0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3, 3.75 and 4.5 kGy) Rainbow trout stored at +4 C was investigated by measurement of microbiological, chemical and sensory analysis .Irradiation of fillets was performed by gamma rays from a Co60 source. Microbial counts for non-irradiated trout fillet samples were higher than respective irradiated fish. Total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) values was increased from 7 mg/100 g for non-irradiated to 52.7 mg/100 g after 15 days storage at refrigerator, whereas for irradiated fish lower values of 39.4, 37.6, 28.7, 25.6, 24.8 and 23.2 mg/100 g were recorded at 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3, 3.75 and 4.5 kGy, respectively (day 15).initial amount of peroxide value in non irradiated sampleswas 0.8 meq/kg and was increased to 7 meq/kg (7 day).Highest amount of peroxide after irradiation process was belonged to samples irradiated by 4.5 kGy (1.5 meq/kg). Also, total viable count of irradiated samples were decreased significantly (p<0.05). On nutritional aspect, results showed that total saturated fatty acid concentrations increased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing irradiation dose , so that the control sample and fish muscles that irradiated with 4.5 kGy had the lowest and highest amounts of total saturated fatty acids (20.454 ± 0.011% and 19.228 ± 0.040% , respectively). The amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in irradiated samples were significantly lower than control sample (p<0.001) and amounts of total monounsaturated (MUFAs) were significantly higher than control samples (p<0.001). The results were indicated that the highest content of MUFAs and PUFAs were in samples irradiated with 3.75kGy (37.783± 0.092 %) and control samples (37.677± 0.104 %), respectively .The lowest level of MUFAs and PUFAs were in control samples (36.596 ± 0.024%) and 4.5 kGy (36.459 ± 0.047%), respectively. Altogether, results of this study were determined that irradiation treatment changes significantly the fatty acid composition especially polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout muscle (P<0.001). Overall, irradiation of fillet by 3.75 kGy had best results on increasing shelf life of fillet at refrigerator (between 11-15 days) and had no advers effect on fatty acid composition of Rainbo trout fillet

Nostalgia of sports tourism: with a modeling approach at the individual level of nostalgia through the attitudes and behavioral intentions of young spectators of the premier football league

Background and Aim:  Recent researches list various factors to understand the behavior of sports fans, which include motivation, satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, the aim of the research was to investigate the nostalgia of sports tourism with the approach of modeling at the individual level of nostalgia through the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the spectators of the premier football league. Research method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and its statistical population was all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of the Iranian premier league (N= 500,000). The statistical sample for the individual level model was randomly selected from among all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of Iran's premier football league, and 518 completed questionnaires were returned. The data collection tool was the revised questionnaire of Chu (2014). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sports management. The reliability of questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for nostalgia questionnaire α=0.93, attitude α=0.91, behavioral intentions α=0.89. For data analysis, SPSS 20 software package was used to perform descriptive statistics and Lisrel version 0.9 to perform inferential statistics (CFA, SEM). CFA results showed that all the components in the model were confirmed. Results: SEM results showed that nostalgia and its components have a significant effect on the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig<0.05). Nostalgia and its components have a significant relationship with the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig < 0.05). Attitude did not have a significant mediating role in the relationship between nostalgia and behavioral intentions of the audience at the level of the individual model. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be suggested to sports marketers that by inviting old and legendary players to matches and using them in advertisements, they evoke a sense of nostalgia and strengthen people's attitudes. With this approach, it can be predicted that the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the audience will increase