45 research outputs found
Interannual variability in the gravity wave drag – vertical coupling and possible climate links
Gravity wave drag (GWD) is an important driver of the middle
atmospheric dynamics. However, there are almost no observational
constraints on its strength and distribution (especially
horizontal). In this study we analyze orographic GWD (OGWD) output
from Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model simulation with specified
dynamics (CMAM-sd) to illustrate the interannual variability in the
OGWD distribution at particular pressure levels in the stratosphere
and its relation to major climate oscillations. We have found
significant changes in the OGWD distribution and strength depending
on the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), quasi-biennial
oscillation (QBO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The
OGWD variability is shown to be induced by lower-tropospheric wind
variations to a large extent, and there is also significant
variability detected in near-surface momentum fluxes. We argue
that the orographic gravity waves (OGWs) and gravity waves (GWs) in general can be
a quick mediator of the tropospheric variability into the
stratosphere as the modifications of the OGWD distribution can
result in different impacts on the stratospheric dynamics during
different phases of the studied climate oscillations.Grantová Agentura České Republiky | Ref. 16-01562JSecretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación | Ref. CGL2015-71575-PGrantová Agentura České Republiky | Ref. 18-01625
Effect of latitudinally displaced gravity wave forcing in the lower stratosphere on the polar vortex stability
In order to investigate the impact of a locally confined gravity wave (GW) hotspot, a sensitivity study based on simulations of the middle atmosphere circulation during northern winter was performed with a nonlinear, mechanistic, general circulation model.
To this end, we selected a fixed longitude range in the East Asian region (120–170∘ E) and a latitude range from 22.5 to 52.5∘ N between 18 and 30 km for the hotspot region, which was then shifted northward in steps of 5∘.
For the southernmost hotspots, we observe a decreased stationary planetary wave (SPW) with wave number 1 (SPW 1) activity in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, i.e., fewer SPWs 1 are propagating upwards.
These GW hotspots lead to a negative refractive index, inhibiting SPW propagation at midlatitudes.
The decreased SPW 1 activity is connected to an increased zonal mean zonal wind at lower latitudes.
This, in turn, decreases the meridional potential vorticity gradient (qy) from midlatitudes towards the polar region.
A reversed qy indicates local baroclinic instability, which generates SPWs with wave number 1 in the polar region, where we observe a strong positive Eliassen–Palm (EP) divergence.
As a result, the EP flux increases towards the polar stratosphere (corresponding to enhanced SPW 1 amplitudes), where the SPWs with wave number 1 break, and the zonal mean zonal wind decreases.
Thus, the local GW forcing leads to a displacement of the polar vortex towards lower latitudes.
The effect of the local baroclinic instability indicated by the reversed qy also produces SPWs with wave number 1 in the lower mesosphere.
The effect on the dynamics in the middle atmosphere due to GW hotspots that are located northward of 50∘ N is negligible, as the refractive index of the atmosphere is strongly negative in the polar region.
Thus, any changes in the SPW activity due to the local GW forcing are quite ineffectiveDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | Ref. JA836/32-1Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2018/103Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. CGL2015-71575-PCzech Science Foundation (GAČR) | Ref. 16-01562JCzech Science Foundation (GAČR) | Ref. 18-01625
Revisiting internal gravity waves analysis using GPS RO density profiles: comparison with temperature profiles and application for wave field stability study
We revise selected findings regarding the utilization of Global
Positioning System radio occultation (GPS RO) density profiles for
the analysis of internal gravity waves (IGW), introduced by
Sacha et al. (2014). Using various GPS RO datasets, we show that the
differences in the IGW spectra between the dry-temperature and
dry-density profiles that were described in the previous study as
a general issue are in fact present in one specific data version
only. The differences between perturbations in the temperature and
density GPS RO profiles do not have any physical origin, and there is
not the information loss of IGW activity that was suggested in
Sacha et al. (2014). We investigate the previously discussed question
of the temperature perturbations character when utilizing GPS RO
dry-temperature profiles, derived by integration of the hydrostatic
balance. Using radiosonde profiles as a proxy for GPS RO, we provide
strong evidence that the differences in IGW perturbations between
the real and retrieved temperature profiles (which are based on the
assumption of hydrostatic balance) include a significant
nonhydrostatic component that is present sporadically and might be
either positive or negative. The detected differences in related
spectra of IGW temperature perturbations are found to be mostly
about ±10 %. The paper also presents a detailed study on the utilization of GPS
RO density profiles for the characterization of the wave field
stability. We have analyzed selected stability parameters derived
from the density profiles together with a study of the vertical
rotation of the wind direction. Regarding the Northern Hemisphere
the results point to the western border of the Aleutian high, where
potential IGW breaking is detected. These findings are also
supported by an analysis of temperature and wind velocity
profiles. Our results confirm advantages of the utilization of the
density profiles for IGW analysis.Grantová Agentura České Republiky | Ref. 16-01562JMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy | Ref. 7AMB16AT021OeAD-GmbH | Ref. CZ 06/2016Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. CGL2015-71575-
The Climatology of Elevated Stratopause Events in the UA-ICON Model and the Contribution of Gravity Waves
The climatologies of the stratopause height and temperature in the UA-ICON model are examined by comparing them to 17-years (2005–2021) of Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. In addition, the elevated stratopause (ES) event occurrence, their main characteristics, and driving mechanisms in the UA-ICON model are examined using three 30-year time-slice experiments. While UA-ICON reasonably simulates the large-scale stratopause properties similar to MLS observations, at polar latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere the stratopause is ∼8 K warmer and ∼3 km higher than observed. A time lag of about two months also exists in the occurrence of the tropical semiannual oscillation of the stratopause compared to the observations. ES events occur in ∼20% of the boreal winters, after major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Compared to the SSWs not followed by ES events (SSW-only), the ES events are associated with the persistent tropospheric forcing and prolonged anomalies of the stratospheric jet. Our modeling results suggest that the contributions of both gravity waves (GW)s and resolved waves are important in explaining the enhanced residual circulation
following ES events compared to the SSW-only events but their contributions vary through the lifetime of ES events. We emphasize the role of the resolved wave drag in the ES formation as in the sensitivity test when the non-orographic GW drag is absent, the anomalously enhanced resolved wave forcing in the mesosphere gives
rise to the formation of the elevated stratopause at about 85 km
Effects of particle size and surface chemistry on the dispersion of graphite nanoplates in polypropylene composites
Carbon nanoparticles tend to form agglomerates with considerable cohesive strength, depending on particle morphology and chemistry, thus presenting different dispersion challenges. The present work studies the dispersion of three types of graphite nanoplates (GnP) with different flake sizes and bulk densities in a polypropylene melt, using a prototype extensional mixer under comparable hydrodynamic stresses. The nanoparticles were also chemically functionalized by covalent bonding polymer molecules to their surface, and the dispersion of the functionalized GnP was studied. The effects of stress relaxation on dispersion were also analyzed. Samples were removed along the mixer length, and characterized by microscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. A lower dispersion rate was observed for GnP with larger surface area and higher bulk density. Significant re-agglomeration was observed for all materials when the deformation rate was reduced. The polypropylene-functionalized GnP, characterized by increased compatibility with the polymer matrix, showed similar dispersion effects, albeit presenting slightly higher dispersion levels. All the composites exhibit dielectric behavior, however, the alternate current (AC) conductivity is systematically higher for the composites with larger flake GnP.This work was funded by National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Reference UID/CTM/50025/2013 and FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme under the project number POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688. We acknowledge Mrs. Uta Reuter from Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. for TEM specimen preparation and image acquisition for the composites.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Extratropical age of air trends and causative factors in climate projection simulations
Climate model simulations show an acceleration of the
Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) in response to climate change. While the
general mechanisms for the BDC strengthening are widely understood, there
are still open questions concerning the influence of the details of the wave driving. Mean age of stratospheric air (AoA) is a useful transport
diagnostic for assessing changes in the BDC. Analyzing AoA from a subset of
Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative part 1 climate projection simulations, we
find a remarkable agreement between most of the models in simulating the
largest negative AoA trends in the extratropical lower to middle
stratosphere of both hemispheres (approximately between 20 and 25 geopotential kilometers (gpkm) and 20–50∘ N and S). We show that the occurrence of AoA trend minima in those regions is directly
related to the climatological AoA distribution, which is sensitive to an
upward shift of the circulation in response to climate change. Also other
factors like a reduction of aging by mixing (AbM) and residual circulation
transit times (RCTTs) contribute to the AoA distribution changes by widening
the AoA isolines. Furthermore, we analyze the time evolution of AbM and RCTT trends in the extratropics and examine the connection to possible drivers
focusing on local residual circulation strength, net tropical upwelling and
wave driving. However, after the correction for a vertical shift of pressure
levels, we find only seasonally significant trends of residual circulation
strength and zonal mean wave forcing (resolved and unresolved) without a
clear relation between the trends of the analyzed quantities. This indicates
that additional causative factors may influence the AoA, RCTT and AbM
trends. In this study, we postulate that the shrinkage of the stratosphere
has the potential to influence the RCTT and AbM trends and thereby cause
additional AoA changes over time.Czech Science Foundation (GACˇ R) | Ref. 16- 01562JCzech Science Foundation (GACˇ R) | Ref. 18-01625SMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. CGL2015-71575-PXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2018/103Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. RYC-2013-1456
Documenting the impacts of climate change on the middle and upper atmosphere and atmospheric drag of space objects
Stratospheric contraction caused by increasing greenhouse gases
Rising emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) have led to tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling over recent decades. As a thermodynamic consequence, the troposphere has expanded and the rise of the tropopause, the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere, has been suggested as one of the most robust fingerprints of anthropogenic climate change. Conversely, at altitudes above ∼55 km (in the mesosphere and thermosphere) observational and modeling evidence indicates a downward shift of the height of pressure levels or decreasing density at fixed altitudes. The layer in between, the stratosphere, has not been studied extensively with respect to changes of its global structure. Here we show that this atmospheric layer has contracted substantially over the last decades, and that the main driver for this are increasing concentrations of GHG. Using data from coupled chemistry-climate models we show that this trend will continue and the mean climatological thickness of the stratosphere will decrease by 1.3 km following representative concentration pathway 6.0 by 2080. We also demonstrate that the stratospheric contraction is not only a response to cooling, as changes in both tropopause and stratopause pressure contribute. Moreover, its short emergence time (less than 15 years) makes it a novel and independent indicator of GHG induced climate change
Observed and Modeled Mountain Waves from the Surface to the Mesosphere Near the Drake Passage
Four state-of-the-science numerical weather prediction (NWP) models were used to perform mountain wave- (MW) resolving hind-casts over the Drake Passage of a 10-day period in 2010 with numerous observed MW cases. The Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model were run at Δx ≈ 9 and 13 km globally. TheWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Met Office Unified Model (UM) were both configured with a Δx = 3 km regional domain. All domains had tops near 1 Pa (z ≈ 80 km). These deep domains allowed quantitative validation against Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) observations, accounting for observation time, viewing geometry, and radiative transfer.
All models reproduced observed middle-atmosphere MWs with remarkable skill. Increased horizontal resolution improved validations. Still, all models underrepresented observed MW amplitudes, even after accounting for model effective resolution and instrument noise, suggesting even at Δx ≈ 3 km resolution, small-scale MWs are under-resolved and/or over-diffused. MWdrag parameterizations are still necessary in NWP models at current operational resolutions of Δx ≈ 10 km. Upper GW sponge layers in the operationally configured models significantly, artificially reduced MW amplitudes in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In the IFS, parameterized GW drags partly compensated this deficiency, but still, total drags were ≈ 6 time smaller than that resolved at Δx ≈ 3 km. Meridionally propagating MWs significantly enhance zonal drag over the Drake Passage. Interestingly, drag associated with meridional fluxes of zonal momentum (i.e. u'v') were important; not accounting for these terms results in a drag in the wrong direction at and below the polar night jet
Multidisciplinary recommendations for essential baseline functional and laboratory tests to facilitate early diagnosis and management of immune-related adverse events among cancer patients.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have fundamentally changed the treatment landscape of various cancers. While ICI treatments result in improved survival, quality of life and are cost-effective, the majority of patients experience at least one immune-related adverse event (irAE). Many of these side effects cause little discomfort or are asymptomatic; however, irAEs can affect any organ and are potentially life-threatening. Consequently, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of irAEs are critical for optimizing long-term outcomes and quality of life in affected patients. Some irAEs are diagnosed according to typical symptoms, others by abnormal findings from diagnostic tests. While there are various guidelines addressing the management of irAEs, recommendations for the early recognition of irAEs as well as the optimal extent and frequency of laboratory tests are mostly lacking. In clinical practice, blood sampling is usually performed before each ICI administration (i.e., every 2-3 weeks), often for several months, representing a burden for patients as well as health care systems. In this report, we propose essential laboratory and functional tests to improve the early detection and management of irAEs and in cancer patients treated with ICIs. These multidisciplinary expert recommendations regarding essential laboratory and functional tests can be used to identify possible irAEs at an early time point, initiate appropriate interventions to improve patient outcomes, and reduce the burden of blood sampling during ICI treatment