The Analysis of Wartime Rape Using Postmodern Feminism in the Conflicts of Sierra Leone 1991, Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992, Darfur 2003

This research examines how patriarchal institutions weaponize the act of rape in times of conflict. Rape is understood and conceptualized through the language of masculinity, especially the dominance of the masculine recognized and practiced in various cultures. Postmodern feminists argued that a woman or femininity is regulated, constructed, and defined by men through gender roles and symbols. As such, a woman does not exist as her own individual, but follows a constructed identity given by patriarchal institutions. In the theater of war, when a man rapes a woman, she is not only a victim of this violation, but further, the rape is qualified as an attack against the masculinity of her society and the men with whom she is affiliated. In this case, when a soldier rapes an enemy woman, he violates the masculinity of enemy men, as the intended objective is not simply the defilement of the woman, but the humiliation of enemy soldiers and society. Because of this gendered identity attached to women, rape becomes an effective weapon of war. This paper uses case-studies in the conflicts of Sierra Leone in 1991, Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992, and Darfur in 2003 to explore the relationship between the weaponization of rape and the patriarchal institutions that enable it. The expected outcome of this study is to demonstrate that rape becomes an effective and widespread weapon of war through the patriarchal understanding of rape

Política económica neoliberal y comunas rurales de la provincia de Concepción. El caso de Santa Juana 1975-2000

Esta investigación tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre el desarrollo económico de la comuna de Santa Juana en el último cuarto del siglo XX (1975 – 2000). La hipótesis de trabajo sostiene que a través de la investigación se pueda responder a partir del escaso desarrollo económico en la comuna tras la aplicación de la política económica neoliberal; por qué la población del lugar quedó al margen de los grandes procesos económicos y sociales, convirtiéndose en una ciudad o “pueblo” con escasas posibilidades de despegue económico, cultural y social. Santa Juana es una comuna de características rurales, con una población de aproximadamente 13.000 habitantes (censo 2002), no escapa a la caracterización de localidad postrada en términos económicos, ya que en algún momento -fundamentalmente en la década de los ‘80- se pensó que despegaría económicamente a partir de la explotación que grandes empresas hacían de los recursos forestales que se encontraban en su jurisdicción geográfica, situación que hoy se percibe claramente que no ocurrió. Lo que la investigación pretende analizar es por qué ese boomeconómico en el rubro forestal no tocó a la comuna, a sus habitantes, a su calidad de vida, además de constituirse en algunas de las preguntas que orientan el desarrollo de esta investigación

Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-2 Infection: Recommendations for Management in Low-Resource Settings

HIV-2 contributes approximately a third to the prevalence of HIV in West Africa and is present in significant amounts in several low-income countries outside of West Africa with historical ties to Portugal. It complicates HIV diagnosis, requiring more expensive and technically demanding testing algorithms. Natural polymorphisms and patterns in the development of resistance to antiretrovirals are reviewed, along with their implications for antiretroviral therapy. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, crucial in standard first-line regimens for HIV-1 in many low-income settings, have no effect on HIV-2. Nucleoside analogues alone are not sufficiently potent enough to achieve durable virologic control. Some protease inhibitors, in particular those without ritonavir boosting, are not sufficiently effective against HIV-2. Following review of the available evidence and taking the structure and challenges of antiretroviral care in West Africa into consideration, the authors make recommendations and highlight the needs of special populations

Effect of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infectious complications following impacted mandibular third molar surgery. A randomized controlled trial

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing postoperative infections after extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. A Parallel-group, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed. 154 patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups; experimental (n=77) receiving 2g amoxicillin 1 hour prior to surgery and control (n=77) receiving placebo. Primary outcome was postoperative infections and secondary outcome was the need for rescue analgesia. 4.5% of patients developed postoperative infections, five patients of the control group (4 alveolar osteitis, 1 surgical site infection) and two of the experimental group (1 alveolar osteitis, 1 surgical site infection). Difference between groups was not statistically significant, RR=0.4 (95%CI 0.08-1.99, ?=0.41) NNTB=26. Rescue analgesia intake was significantly higher in the control group (41 vs 18 patients of experimental group) RR=0.49 (95%CI 0.32-0.75, ?<0.05) NNTB=3. The use of 2g amoxicillin 1 hour before surgery was not effective in significantly reducing the risk of postoperative infections from impacted mandibular third molars extraction, when compared to placebo. Nevertheless, antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a reduced need for rescue analgesia

Artritis séptica de la articulación temporomandibular como complicación de una celulitis facial: reporte de un caso

Mandibular condyle infection, septic arthritis, is a disease characterized by pain, fever, edema, and functional decrease of the temporomandibular joint. It predominates in adult men and its etiology includes different factors: systemic diseases, autoimmune diseases, local trauma and spread of infections in the head and neck region. A clinical case of septic arthritis in the temporomandibular joint as a complication of infectious facial cellulitis is presented. Treatment consisted of antibiotic therapy and serial arthrocentesis with the aim of performing an intra-articular cleaning, accompanied by early mobilization of the joint, ideally with the support of a kinesiology team. In addition, long-term and periodic controls are very important in order to obtain a better clinical result in the patient, control in the long term, minimizing the risks of presenting a decrease in mandibular dynamics and / or ankylosis of the joint.La infección del cóndilo mandibular, artritis séptica, es una enfermedad caracterizada por dolor, fiebre, edema y disminución funcional de la articulación temporomandibular. Predomina en hombres adultos y su etiología incluye distintos factores: enfermedades sistémicas, autoinmunes, trauma local y diseminación de infecciones en la región de cabeza y cuello. Se presenta un caso clínico de artritis séptica en articulación temporomandibular como complicación de una celulitis facial infecciosa. El tratamiento consistió en antibioterapia y artrocentesis seriadas con el objetivo de realizar un aseo intraarticular, acompañado de la movilización temprana de la articulación, idealmente con el apoyo de un equipo de kinesiología. Además, son muy importantes los controles periódicos y de larga data para poder obtener un mejor resultado clínico en el paciente, controlar en el largo plazo, minimizando los riesgos de presentar disminución en la dinámica mandibular y/o anquilosis de la articulación

HLA Correlates of Long-Term Survival in Vertically Infected HIV-1-Positive Adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe.

African infants with vertically acquired HIV infection progress rapidly, with only 50% surviving beyond 2 years in the absence of treatment. Despite this high initial mortality, recent reports describe a substantial burden of older children living with untreated vertically acquired HIV infection in Southern Africa. The immunological and genetic factors associated with long-term survival following vertical infection are poorly understood. We performed medium-to-high resolution HLA typing on DNA samples obtained from a cohort of presumed vertically HIV-1-infected children and age-matched uninfected controls in Harare, Zimbabwe. Overall, 93 HLA class I alleles were detected in the study population with a significant enrichment of HLA-C*08:02 and -C*08:04 in the HIV-1-infected long-term survivor group. Conversely, HLA-A*02:01, A*34:02, and -B*58:02 were overrepresented in the uninfected control group. Our data indicate that HLA alleles may have differential effects against HIV acquisition and disease progression in vertical HIV-1 infection

Evidencias sobre los factores de riesgo del síndrome de hombro doloroso en deportistas: una revisión de alcance

Objective: To investigate the available evidence on the risk factors (RF) of shoulder pain syndrome (SPS) in athletes. Methodology: A scope review was carried out, following the criteria of the PRISMA declaration. The search was limited in Pubmed, WOS and Scopus. Results: Nine studies were included, two discussed the RFs of shoulder pain from overuse of the upper extremity (UE); two other studies referred to playing position, and the remaining four studies have no RF in common. It was mainly found that the development of shoulder pain involves multiple factors and mechanisms; however, a predominant RF could be determined, which was the excessive use of the EU. Conclusion: This scope review confirmed the high prevalence of shoulder pain in athletes and the most frequent RF; despite this, studies on causality or preventive measures are still lacking.Objetivo: Investigar acerca de las evidencias disponibles sobre los factores de riesgo (FR) del síndrome de hombro doloroso (SHD) en deportistas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de alcance, siguiendo los criterios de la declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda fue limitada en Pubmed, WOS y Scopus. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 estudios, dos discutieron los FR del dolor de hombro por el uso excesivo de la extremidad superior (EESS); otros dos estudios se refirieron a la posición de juego, y los otros cuatro estudios restantes no tienen FR en común. Se encontró principalmente que el desarrollo del dolor de hombro involucra múltiples factores y mecanismos; sin embargo, se pudo determinar un FR predominante, que fue el uso excesivo de la EESS. Conclusión: Esta revisión de alcance confirmó la alta prevalencia de dolor de hombro en deportistas y los FR más frecuentes; a pesar de ello, siguen faltando estudios sobre la causalidad o medidas preventivas

The presence of prolines in the flanking region of an immunodominant HIV-2 gag epitope influences the quality and quantity of the epitope generated

Both the recognition of HIV‐infected cells and the immunogenicity of candidate CTL vaccines depend on the presentation of a peptide epitope at the cell surface, which in turn depends on intracellular antigen processing. Differential antigen processing maybe responsible for the differences in both the quality and the quantity of epitopes produced, influencing the immunodominance hierarchy of viral epitopes. Previously, we showed that the magnitude of the HIV‐2 gag‐specific T‐cell response is inversely correlated with plasma viral load, particularly when responses are directed against an epitope, 165DRFYKSLRA173, within the highly conserved Major Homology Region of gag‐p26. We also showed that the presence of three proline residues, at positions 119, 159 and 178 of gag‐p26, was significantly correlated with low viral load. Since this proline motif was also associated with stronger gag‐specific CTL responses, we investigated the impact of these prolines on proteasomal processing of the protective 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope. Our data demonstrate that the 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope is most efficiently processed from precursors that contain two flanking proline residues, found naturally in low viral‐load patients. Superior antigen processing and enhanced presentation may account for the link between infection with HIV‐2 encoding the “PPP‐gag” sequence and both strong gag‐specific CTL responses as well as lower viral load