17 research outputs found
The Uncertain Future of Administrative Law
A volatile series of presidential transitions has only intensified the century-long conflict between progressive defenders and conservative critics of the administrative state. Yet neither side has adequately confronted the fact that the growth of uncertainty and the corresponding spread of guidance â a kind of provisional âruleâ that invites its own revision â mark a break in the development of the administrative state as significant as the rise of notice-and-comment rulemaking in the 1960s and 1970s. Whereas rulemaking corrected social shortsightedness by enlisting science in the service of lawful administration, guidance acknowledges that both science and law are in need of continual correction. Administrative law has the resources to ensure that the provisionality of guidance does not lead to the abuses that conservatives fear. But to deploy those resources â and to carry through the reforms of administrative organization that are their natural complement â progressives must rethink their commitments to judicial deference to administrative authority and administrative deference to presidential authority, commitments on which the progressive defense of the administrative state currently depends
The conservation status of mammals and avifauna in the Montagne des Français massif, Madagascar
The Montagne des Français is a limestone massif in northern Madagascar, which is characterised by a wide range of biotopes including xerophytic karst, gallery forest, dry western forest, grassland and caves. It is situated only 12 km from the regional capital, Antsiranana, and few, if any areas of primary forest remain. In the first comprehensive study to have been carried out at this location we report the presence of 12 mammal species. We also report the presence of 63 bird species. We use data derived from both structured and semi-structured interviews to assess the conservation status of the mammals and birds within the massif. Our study shows that local beliefs are dominated by taboos or fady and that these vary within families and communities. Current anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity include zebu grazing, charcoal production, hunting and rice cultivation. The massif was afforded Temporary Protected Area Status in 2006 and our results suggest that this protection should be made permanent. We propose opportunities for further research and sustainable development initiatives that could contribute to the conservation of the biological resources within the massif. Success in conserving this area will only be achieved if the local communities are fully engaged. RĂSUMĂ La Montagne des Français est un massif calcaire au nord de Madagascar, caractĂ©risĂ© par une vaste gamme de biotopes, y compris une formation calcaire connue localement sous le nom de âtsingyâ avec une vĂ©gĂ©tation xĂ©rophyte, une forĂȘt riveraine, une forĂȘt sĂšche de lâouest, des zones herbeuses et des grottes. Elle se trouve Ă 12 km seulement de la plus grande ville du nord, Antsiranana, et prĂ©sente une couverture de forĂȘts intactes extrĂȘmement rĂ©duite. Le travail sur le terrain a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© par des bĂ©nĂ©voles de Frontier et des chercheurs de Frontier et de lâUniversitĂ© dâAntsiranana. Des inventaires on Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s pendant une annĂ©e, au cours de quatre pĂ©riodes dâessais qui sâĂ©talaient chacune sur une durĂ©e de lâordre de neuf semaines. Les inventaires sur les mammifĂšres ont fait appel Ă trois mĂ©thodes, dont les lignes de trous-piĂšges, lâemploi de piĂšges Sherman et des recherches nocturnes alĂ©atoires. Un inventaire sur les oiseaux a Ă©tĂ© compilĂ©, utilisant la technique de la liste de recensement McKinnon. Au cours de cette premiĂšre Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e portant sur cette localitĂ©, nous avons relevĂ© la prĂ©sence de 12 espĂšces de mammifĂšres ainsi que la prĂ©sence de 63 espĂšces dâoiseaux. Neuf des espĂšces de mammifĂšres recensĂ©s sont endĂ©miques Ă Madagascar et la plupart de ces espĂšces semblaient ĂȘtre reprĂ©sentĂ©es par des effectifs rĂ©duits sur la Montagne des Français au cours de la pĂ©riode dâĂ©tude. De toutes les espĂšces dâoiseaux reportĂ©es, 26 (41% ) sont endĂ©miques de Madagascar. Afin dâĂ©valuer lâĂ©tat de conservation des mammifĂšres et des oiseaux rencontrĂ©s Ă la Montagne des Français, nous avons utilisĂ© des donnĂ©es recueillies au cours dâentrevues formelles et semi-formelles. Notre Ă©tude montre que les croyances locales sont dominĂ©es par des tabous ou fady et que ceux-ci varient selon les familles et communautĂ©s. Les pressions anthropogĂ©niques actuelles qui pĂšsent sur la biodiversitĂ© sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es par le pĂąturage des zĂ©bus, la production de charbon de bois, la chasse et la culture de riz. En 2006 le massif a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© dâun statut dâAire ProtĂ©gĂ©e Temporaire mais nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent quâun statut de protection permanente serait justifiĂ©. Nous proposons de poursuivre les efforts en matiĂšre de recherche et encourageons toute entreprise de dĂ©veloppement durable qui pourrait contribuer Ă la conservation des ressources biologiques Ă lâintĂ©rieur du massif. La rĂ©ussite de la protection de cette rĂ©gion ne pourra se faire sans la totale adhĂ©sion de lâensemble des communautĂ©s locales
Mitotic Rate and Younger Age Are Predictors of Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity: Lessons Learned From the Generation of a Probabilistic Model
Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy allows surgeons to identify patients with subclinical nodal involvement who may benefit from lymphadenectomy and, possibly, adjuvant therapy. Several factors have been variably, and sometimes discordantly, reported to have predictive value for SLN metastasis to best select which patients require SLN biopsy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41402/1/10434_2004_Article_247.pd
Financial Systems and Industrial Policy in Germany and Great Britain: The Limits of Convergence
The Uncertain Future of Administrative Law
The growing reliance on guidance â a kind of provisional âruleâ that invites its own revision or qualification â marks a break in the development of the administrative state on the order of the transition from regulation by case-by-case adjudication to regulation by notice-and-comment rulemaking in the 1960s and 1970s. Where rulemaking aimed to correct social shortsightedness by the application of science in the service of law, guidance enables lawful action in the public interest when both science and law are recognized as themselves in need of continual correction. Guidance is the kind of law of which uncertainty admits.
The centrality of guidance to contemporary administration, in turn, calls into question politically progressive defenses of the administrative state. These defenses ground the legality and legitimacy of administrative decisionmaking in the technical authority of professional administrators and the democratic authority of their political superiors, two forms of authority that are harmonized and largely self-disciplined by internally-generated hierarchical norms, which also serve as a shield against intrusive judicial review. Today, such deference to authority and hierarchy seems incautious, even reckless. Even when understood as a strategic bargain, necessary to protect the autonomy of the administrative state from a judiciary suspected â often rightly â of congenital animosity to administration itself, the progressive defense resembles a pact with the devil.
The emerging law of guidance, and the reality of uncertainty to which it responds, points toward a different, and more defensible, conception of the administrative state: one that is aware of its own fallibility; that routinely invites challenges to its technical and political authority; and that continually responds to these challenges with reasons that are legible to the courts and to the public at large
Lymphangiogenesis-independent resolution of experimental edema
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is necessary for lymphangiogenesis, and excess VEGF-C has been shown to be ameliorative for edema produced by lymphatic obstruction in experimental models. However, it has recently been shown that edema can resolve in the mouse tail even in the complete absence of capillary lymphangiogenesis when distal lymph fluid crosses the regenerating wound site interstitially. This finding has raised questions about the action of VEGF-C/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling during the resolution of experimental edema. Here, the roles of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 signaling in edema resolution were explored. It was found that edema resolved following neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 in the mouse tail skin, which inhibited lymphangiogenesis. Neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 reduced angiogenesis at the site of obstruction at day 10 (9.2 ± 1.2% and 11.5 ± 1.0% blood capillary coverage, respectively) relative to controls (14.3 ± 1.5% blood capillary coverage). Combined VEGFR-2/-3 neutralization more strongly inhibited angiogenesis (6.9 ± 1.5% blood capillary coverage), leading to a reduced wound repair of the lymphatic obstruction and extended edema in the tail skin. In contrast, improved tissue repair of the obstruction site increased edema resolution. Macrophages in the swollen tissue were excluded as contributing factors in the VEGFR-dependent extended edema. These results support a role for VEGFR-2/-3-combined signaling in the resolution of experimental edema that is lymphangiogenesis independent
Impact of Innovation on Competition Law: From an Outcome-Oriented Approach to a Process-Orientation Approach
Locally Weighted Score Estimation for Quantile Classification in Binary Regression Models
From the counting house to the modern office: explaining Anglo-American productivity differences in services, 1870â1990
The United States overtook Britain in comparative aggregate productivity levels primarily as a result of trends in services rather than trends in industry. This occurred during the transition from customized, low-volume, high-margin business organized on the basis of networks to standardized, high-volume, low-margin business with hierarchical management from the 1870s. This transformation from the counting house to the modern office was dependent on technologies that improved communications and information processing. The technologies were slower to diffuse in Britain as a result of lower levels of education and stronger labor-force resistance to intensification