Degradación biológica de lignina presente en residuos de nopal para la obtención de celulosa

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo el desarrollo de un proceso biotecnológico para la obtención de celulosa. A partir de la fermentación de espinas de Opuntia ficus-indica proveniente del Residuo Agroindustrial generado en la Delegación Milpa Alta, Ciudad de México. El microorganismo Fycnoporus cinnabarinus realizó la fermentación en un biorreactor homogéneo. En este trabajo se evalúo la eficiencia de la deslignificación, bajo diferentes condiciones de operación: pH de 4 y 6, temperatura de 30 ºC y 50 ºC, y un tamaño de partícula de 0.075 mm y 0.25 mm. La deslignificación de la materia prima se evaluó mediante espectroscopia IR. Además se determinaron durante las fermentaciones las concentraciones de biomasa y azúcares reductores totales, empleando el reactivo de Bradford y el método del ácido 3, 5- Dinitrosalicílico (DNS) respectivamente.The objective of this work was the development of a biotechnological process to obtain cellulose. From the fermentation of Opuntiajicus-indica thorns from the Agroindustrial Residue generated in the Milpa Alta Delegation, Mexico City. The microorganism Fycnoporus cinnabarinus carried out the fermentation in a homogeneous bioreactor. In this work the efficiency of the delignification was evaluated, under different operating conditions: pH of 4 and 6, temperature of 30 ºC and 50 ºC, and a particle size ofü.074 mm and 0.25 mm. The delignification ofthe waste was evaluated by IR spectroscopy. In addition, the concentrations of biomass and total reducing carbohydrates were determined during the fermentations, using the Bradford reagent and the 3, 5- Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively

Analysis of Kinetoplast DNA from Mexican Isolates of Leishmania (L.) mexicana

This study analyzed DNA minicircles of Mexican isolates of L. (Leishmania) mexicana to look for genetic differences between strains isolated from patients with diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and localized (LCL) leishmaniasis. The kDNA was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of the PCR products (PCR-RFLP) and the PCR products were sequenced. In the PCR with primers specific for the subgenus Leishmania, the Mexican isolates gave higher amplification products than the other L. mexicana complex strains and with specific primers for the L. mexicana complex they were poorly amplified. In the PCR-RFLP analysis with the Eco RV, Hae III, and Mbo I endonucleases, the Mexican isolates displayed similar restriction patterns, but different from the patterns of the other members of the L. mexicana complex. In the phylogenetic tree constructed, the kDNA sequences of the Mexican clones formed two groups including sequences of LCD or LCL clones, apart from the other L. mexicana complex members. These results suggest that the kDNA minicircles of the Mexican isolates are more polymorphic than the kDNA of other members of the L. mexicana complex and have different recognition sites for the restriction enzymes used in this study

Analysis of Kinetoplast DNA from Mexican Isolates of Leishmania (L.) mexicana.

This study analyzed DNA minicircles of Mexican isolates of L. (Leishmania) mexicana to look for genetic differences between strains isolated from patients with diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and localized (LCL) leishmaniasis. The kDNA was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of the PCR products (PCR-RFLP) and the PCR products were sequenced. In the PCR with primers specific for the subgenus Leishmania, the Mexican isolates gave higher amplification products than the other L. mexicana complex strains and with specific primers for the L. mexicana complex they were poorly amplified. In the PCR-RFLP analysis with the Eco RV, Hae III, and Mbo I endonucleases, the Mexican isolates displayed similar restriction patterns, but different from the patterns of the other members of the L. mexicana complex. In the phylogenetic tree constructed, the kDNA sequences of the Mexican clones formed two groups including sequences of LCD or LCL clones, apart from the other L. mexicana complex members. These results suggest that the kDNA minicircles of the Mexican isolates are more polymorphic than the kDNA of other members of the L. mexicana complex and have different recognition sites for the restriction enzymes used in this study.Peer Reviewe

Abiotic stress response in plants: integrative genetic pathways and overlapping reactions between abiotic and biotic stress responses

In all ecosystems, plants continuously face environmental stress and consequently are forced to respond with defensive and adaptive strategies. These responses require the activation of several signaling pathways that induce expression of specific genes. An effective response requires that the biological system have the genetic background to support the necessary molecular players that permit the assembly of essential integrative genetic pathways. In the most complicated scenario, plants must contend against more than one abiotic stress, pest, or pathogen at the same time, forcing an integral and complete defense response to adjust plant physiology. Certain molecular players act as hubs or master regulators to integrate signals from The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Saúl Fraire-Velázquez, Lenin Sánchez-Calderón et al. 134 different regulatory pathways activated by two or more types of abiotic stress or forms of biotic stress. Some defense and adaptive genes are transcriptionally regulated not only by a specific abiotic stress but also by biotic stress, exposing the existence of overlapping pathways. The genes shared between these networks appear to allow plants to prioritize their responses and ensure their survival by using their resources efficiently. The well-documented shared or convergence points in the response to abiotic and biotic stress in plants exhibit a superimposed complexity, as exemplified by induction of certain defense genes by biotic stress in presence only of a specific environmental condition (temperature and humidity). Interestingly, accumulating data strongly support the hypothesis that the convergence points between abiotic and biotic stress pathways also modulate the post-embryonic developmental program which is one of the most conspicuous adaptive strategies to cope with environmental stress. Pathogen attack or abiotic stresses such as nutrient scarcity alter cell division and cell differentiation processes, and consequently the plant architecture is modified. Plant growth regulators, such as auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and jamonic acid, as well as reactive oxygen species, play crucial roles in the early steps of the convergence between these multiple stress signals. The advancement in powerful molecular tools, including transcriptome and proteome analysis, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatic studies are enabling disection of networks in abiotic and biotic signaling cascades and identification of the overlapping reactions and key factors that fulfill very important roles as integrative signals in plants

Actividad antifúngica in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par) Evans et ál.

<p>La moniliasis del cacao ocasionada por <em>Moniliophthora roreri </em>origina grandes pérdidas en los países donde se ha estado dispersando; en México, de reciente ingreso ha afectado drásticamente la producción, ya que daña los frutos en sus diferentes estados y son escasas las medidas de control que se han podido implementar, por lo que se investigó el efecto <em>in vitro </em>de extractos de <em>Origanum vulgare </em>L., <em>Tradescantia spathacea </em>Swartz y <em>Zingiber </em><em>officinale </em>Roscoe sobre <em>M. roreri</em>. Se aisló el hongo de frutos enfermos y se cultivó en laboratorio, las plantas fueron recolectadas y sometidas a cuatro formas de extracción: hidrolato por destilación, presurizado, fermentación aeróbica y anaeróbica. Dichos extractos se incorporaron al medio de cultivo al 50% (V/V), se sembró el hongo y se incubó durante 12 días, cuantificando el crecimiento diario y la formación de conidias; a los extractos que inhibieron totalmente al hongo se les determinó la concentración mínima.</p

Actividad antifúngica in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par) Evans et ál.

La moniliasis del cacao ocasionada por Moniliophthora roreri origina grandes pérdidas en los países donde se ha estado dispersando; en México, de reciente ingreso ha afectado drásticamente la producción, ya que daña los frutos en sus diferentes estados y son escasas las medidas de control que se han podido implementar, por lo que se investigó el efecto in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre M. roreri. Se aisló el hongo de frutos enfermos y se cultivó en laboratorio, las plantas fueron recolectadas y sometidas a cuatro formas de extracción: hidrolato por destilación, presurizado, fermentación aeróbica y anaeróbica. Dichos extractos se incorporaron al medio de cultivo al 50% (V/V), se sembró el hongo y se incubó durante 12 días, cuantificando el crecimiento diario y la formación de conidias; a los extractos que inhibieron totalmente al hongo se les determinó la concentración mínima

Actividad antifúngica in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par) Evans et ál.

La moniliasis del cacao ocasionada por Moniliophthora roreri origina grandes pérdidas en los países donde se ha estado dispersando; en México, de reciente ingreso ha afectado drásticamente la producción, ya que daña los frutos en sus diferentes estados y son escasas las medidas de control que se han podido implementar, por lo que se investigó el efecto in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre M. roreri. Se aisló el hongo de frutos enfermos y se cultivó en laboratorio, las plantas fueron recolectadas y sometidas a cuatro formas de extracción: hidrolato por destilación, presurizado, fermentación aeróbica y anaeróbica. Dichos extractos se incorporaron al medio de cultivo al 50% (V/V), se sembró el hongo y se incubó durante 12 días, cuantificando el crecimiento diario y la formación de conidias; a los extractos que inhibieron totalmente al hongo se les determinó la concentración mínima

Inflammatory Determinants and Associated Morbidity in Hemodialysis Patients

Hemodialysis deteriorates patients’ physical, metabolic, and mental status. Clinical outcomes derived from inflammation determine a worse status but are less frequently identified. The objective of the study was to identify inflammatory determinants and the effect of SNP-related serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels on associated morbidity in hemodialysis. A sample of hemodialysis patients at IMSS Regional Hospital No.46 in Guadalajara (n = 85) were tested using the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess the associated morbidity. Serum cytokine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique was used for analysis of IL-6-572C/G and IL-10-1082A/G. Using data visualization methods, we identified relevant determinants of inflammation. A simple regression model was constructed between predictors and targets with genotypes as covariates. Results showed malnutrition in 85.9% of patients and depressive symptoms in 50.6%. IL-10 was the most relevant inflammatory determinant, with regression coefficients (R2) between 0.05 and 0.11. The GG genotype of IL-10-1082 A/G evinced small effect on both clinical outcomes (δ of 0.35 and 0.37, respectively). Hemodialysis increases the associated morbidity, cytokines act as inflammatory determinants, and genetic variability contributes to the severity of clinical outcomes. Further studies need to refine the causal relationship between inflammation and CKD

Seroprevalence of human Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the North of Estado de Mexico

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is a neglected public health problem in Mexico; however, detailed studies to determine the seroprevalence in some states have not been performed. METHODS: A total 1,504 human serum from thirteen communities in Estado de Mexico, were analyzed with three diagnostics techniques. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence was 9.1%, with high prevalence among people aged 51-60 years, while people aged 0-29 years were seronegative against T. cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated the seroprevalence of T. cruzi in the North of the Estado de Mexico, an area considered as non-endemic; however, epidemiological conditions necessary for natural transmission were found