Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kunyit Kuning (Curcuma Longa Linnaeus) Terhadap Esherichia Coli Atcc 1129 dan Staphylococcus Aureus Atcc 6538 Secara In Vitro

Latar Belakang: Kunyit Kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki potensi digunakan menjadi obat. Kunyit kuning memiliki senyawa curcuminoid yang terdiri dari curcumin, desmetoksicurcumin, bidesmetoksicurcumin yang terkandung di dalamnya menunjukan efek antibakteri. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Metode Penelitian: Desain penelitian true experimental laboratorik dengan metode post test only control group design. Kadar ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) yang diujikan dengan metode sumuran yaitu 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%b/v. Sumuran dibuat pada media pertumbuhan kuman Muller Hinton yang diolesi dengan biakan Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 dan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 yang telah distandarisasi dengan standar 0,5 Mc Farland. Sumuran ditetesi ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) dengan berbagai seri konsentrasi. Diinkubasi dengan suhu 37◦ C selama 24 jam dan zona hambat terbentuk kemudian diukur. Hasil Peneltian: Ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%b/v dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dengan rerata masing-masing yaitu 4,6mm, 4,6mm, 5mm, 5,4mm, dan 5,6 mm dengan nilai uji statistik p= 0,000 sedangkan Staphylococcus aureus dengam masing-masing rerata diameter zona hambat yaitu yaitu 5,6mm, 6,8mm, 7,4mm, 8,8mm, dan 10,2mm dan nilai uji statistik p= 0, 000. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Curcuma longa Linn) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 dan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 secara in vitro

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Kunyit Putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 6538 DAN Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 Secara In Vitro

Latar belakang: Rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) merupakan tanaman yang mempunyai potensi sebagai tanaman obat. Senyawa yang terkandung didalam rimpang seperti kurkumin, flavonoid, dan saponin memiliki khasiat sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan: Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan taphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Metode: Desain penelitian true experimental laboratorik dengan metode post test only control group design. Kadar ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma manga Val.) yang diujikan dengan metode sumuran dengan masing-masing konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%b/v. Sumuran dibuat pada media pertumbuhan bakteri Muller Hinton yang diolesi dengan biakan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 yang telah distandarisasi dengan standar 0,5 Mc Farland. Sumuran ditetesi dengan ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) dengan masing-masing konsentrasi. Diinkubasi pada suhu 370 C selama 24 jam dan zona hambat yang terbentuk diukur dengan jangka sorong. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val) dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%b/v, dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan rerata masing-masing diameter zona hambat yaitu 13,6mm, 16,4mm, 17,8mm, 18,6mm, 23,4mm, dengan nilai uji statistik p= 0,000 sedangkan Escherichia coli dengan rerata masing-masing yaitu 5mm, 5,4mm, 6mm, 6,8mm, 7,4mm dengan nilai p= 0,000. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 secara in vitro

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kayu Tanaman Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli ATCC 11229 Dan Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 6538 Secara In Vitro

Latar Belakang : Tanaman Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) ialah termasuk tanaman yang mempunyai prospek yang sangat baik dalam pemanfaatannya sebagai obat terutama antibakteri. Pada tanaman secang terdapat senyawa tanin, saponin, serta flavonoid yang mempunyai aksi sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan Penelitian : Tujuan pada penelitian ini ialah agar diketahuinya aktivitas dari ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dalam kemampuannya untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli serta Staphylococcus aureus. Metode Penelitian : Metode pada penelitian ini ialah true experimental laboratorik menggunakan metode post test only control group design. Ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) yang diujikan memakai metode sumuran kemudian dibagi dalam beberapa konsentrasi diantaranya 20% b/v, 40% b/v, 60% b/v, 80% b/v, serta 100% b/v. Pada media pertumbuhan kuman Muller Hinton dibuat beberapa sumuran yang diolesi dengan biakan Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 serta Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 yang sebelumnya sudah distandarisasi menggunakan standar 0,5 McFarland. Sumuran ditetesi ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dalam berbagai seri konsentrasi. Selanjutnya diinkubasi pada temperatur 37° C selama 24 jam yang kemudian zona hambat yang terbentuk selanjutnya diukur. Hasil Peneltian : Ekstrak etanol kunyit kuning (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) dengan konsentrasi 20% b/v, 40% b/v, 60% b/v, 80% b/v, serta 100%b/v dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dengan rerata masing-masing yaitu 7,6 mm, 10 mm, 12,2 mm, 13,8 mm, dan 16 mm dengan nilai uji statistik p = 0,000 sedangkan Staphylococcus aureus dengan masing-masing rerata diameter zona hambat yaitu 8,6 mm, 11,8 mm, 13,8 mm, 14,6 mm, dan 17,6 mm dan nilai uji statistik p = 0, 000. Kesimpulan : Ekstrak etanol tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) mempunyai kemampuan dalam aksinya sebagai suatu antibakteri terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 serta Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 secara in vitro

The role of multidisciplinary meetings for benign pancreatobiliary diseases: a tertiary centre experience

Multidisciplinary meetings are central to the management of chronic and complex diseases and they have become widely established across the modern healthcare. Patients with pancreatobiliary diseases can often present with complex clinical dilemmas, which fall out with the scope of current guidelines. Therefore, these patients require a personalised management approach discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting

Point-Spread-Function-Aware Slice-to-Volume Registration: Application to Upper Abdominal MRI Super-Resolution

MR image acquisition of moving organs remains challenging despite the advances in ultra-fast 2D MRI sequences. Post-acquisition techniques have been proposed to increase spatial resolution a posteriori by combining acquired orthogonal stacks into a single, high-resolution (HR) volume. Current super-resolution techniques classically rely on a two-step procedure. The volumetric reconstruction step leverages a physical slice acquisition model. However, the motion correction step typically neglects the point spread function (PSF) information. In this paper, we propose a PSF-aware slice-to-volume registration approach and, for the first time, demonstrate the potential benefit of Super-Resolution for upper abdominal imaging. Our novel reconstruction pipeline takes advantage of different MR acquisitions clinically used in routine MR cholangiopancreatography studies to guide the registration. On evaluation of clinically relevant image information, our approach outperforms state-of-the-art reconstruction toolkits in terms of visual clarity and preservation of raw data information. Overall, we achieve promising results towards replacing currently required CT scans

Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in Africa: a OneHealth systematic review

Background: Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of C. burnetii epidemiology in Africa from a “One Health” perspective to synthesize the published data and identify knowledge gaps.<p></p> Methods/Principal Findings: We searched nine databases to identify articles relevant to four key aspects of C. burnetii epidemiology in human and animal populations in Africa: infection prevalence; disease incidence; transmission risk factors; and infection control efforts. We identified 929 unique articles, 100 of which remained after full-text review. Of these, 41 articles describing 51 studies qualified for data extraction. Animal seroprevalence studies revealed infection by C. burnetii (≤13%) among cattle except for studies in Western and Middle Africa (18–55%). Small ruminant seroprevalence ranged from 11–33%. Human seroprevalence was <8% with the exception of studies among children and in Egypt (10–32%). Close contact with camels and rural residence were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. C. burnetii infection has been associated with livestock abortion. In human cohort studies, Q fever accounted for 2–9% of febrile illness hospitalizations and 1–3% of infective endocarditis cases. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts.<p></p> Conclusions/Significance: C. burnetii infection is detected in humans and in a wide range of animal species across Africa, but seroprevalence varies widely by species and location. Risk factors underlying this variability are poorly understood as is the role of C. burnetii in livestock abortion. Q fever consistently accounts for a notable proportion of undifferentiated human febrile illness and infective endocarditis in cohort studies, but incidence estimates are lacking. C. burnetii presents a real yet underappreciated threat to human and animal health throughout Africa.<p></p&gt

Search for Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Binary Coalescences in the Galactic Halo

We use data from the second science run of the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors to search for the gravitational waves from primordial black hole (PBH) binary coalescence with component masses in the range 0.2--$1.0 M_\odot$. The analysis requires a signal to be found in the data from both LIGO observatories, according to a set of coincidence criteria. No inspiral signals were found. Assuming a spherical halo with core radius 5 kpc extending to 50 kpc containing non-spinning black holes with masses in the range 0.2--$1.0 M_\odot$, we place an observational upper limit on the rate of PBH coalescence of 63 per year per Milky Way halo (MWH) with 90% confidence.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.

Case-Fatality Ratio of Blood Culture-Confirmed Typhoid Fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

With impending rollout of new conjugate typhoid vaccines, better estimates of typhoid case-fatality ratio are needed for countries to set priorities for public health programs. We enrolled 1425 patients of all ages with blood culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhi from laboratory networks serving inpatients and outpatients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants were asked about symptoms and complications including death experienced over a median 3-month period following blood culture diagnosis. Four fatal cases were identified (case-fatality ratio of 0.3% [95% confidence interval, .05%-.55%]). Applying this case-fatality ratio to global typhoid burden estimates would reduce deaths by 70%

Urocortin protects chondrocytes from NO-induced apoptosis: a future therapy for osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by a loss of joint mobility and pain resulting from progressive destruction and loss of articular cartilage secondary to chondrocyte death and/ or senescence. Certain stimuli including nitric oxide (NO) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α have been implicated in this chondrocyte death and the subsequent accelerated damage to cartilage. In this study, we demonstrate that a corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) family peptide, urocortin (Ucn), is produced by a human chondrocyte cell line, C-20/A4, and acts both as an endogenous survival signal and as a cytoprotective agent reducing the induction of apoptosis by NO but not TNF-α when added exogenously. Furthermore, treatment with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-L-penicillamine upregulates chondrocyte Ucn expression, whereas treatment with TNF-α does not. The chondroprotective effects of Ucn are abolished by both specific ligand depletion (with an anti-Ucn antibody) and by CRF receptor blockade with the pan-CRFR antagonist α-helical CRH(9-41). CRFR expression was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR with subsequent amplicon sequence analysis and demonstrates that C-20/A4 cells express both CRFR1 and CRFR2, specifically CRFR1α and CRFR2β. Protein expression of these receptors was confirmed by western blotting. The presence of both Ucn and its receptors in these cells, coupled with the induction of Ucn by NO, suggests the existence of an endogenous autocrine/paracrine chondroprotective mechanism against stimuli inducing chondrocyte apoptosis via the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway

The cost of uncomplicated childhood fevers to Kenyan households: implications for reaching international access targets

Abstract Background Fever is the clinical hallmark of malaria disease. The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) movement promotes prompt, effective treatment of childhood fevers as a key component to achieving its optimistic mortality reduction goals by 2010. A neglected concern is how communities will access these new medicines promptly and the costs to poor households when they are located in rural areas distant to health services. Methods We assemble data developed between 2001 and 2002 in Kenya to describe treatment choices made by rural households to treat a child's fever and the related costs to households. Using a cost-of-illness approach, we estimate the expected cost of a childhood fever to Kenyan households in 2002. We develop two scenarios to explore how expected costs to households would change if more children were treated at a health care facility with an effective antimalarial within 48 hours of fever onset. Results 30% of uncomplicated fevers were managed at home with modern medicines, 38% were taken to a health care facility (HCF), and 32% were managed at home without the use of modern medicines. Direct household cash expenditures were estimated at $0.44 per fever, while the total expected cost to households (cash and time) of an uncomplicated childhood fever is estimated to be$1.91. An estimated mean of 1.42 days of caretaker time devoted to each fever accounts for the majority of household costs of managing fevers. The aggregate cost to Kenyan households of managing uncomplicated childhood fevers was at least $96 million in 2002, equivalent to 1.00$1.86 because caretakers also save time with prompt treatment if the child has malaria. Conclusion The management of uncomplicated childhood fevers imposes substantial costs on Kenyan households. Achieving substantial improvements in the numbers of fevers treated within 48 hours at a HCF with an effective antimalarial drug (Scenario 1) will not impose additional costs on households. Achieving additional improvements in fevers treated promptly at a HCF (Scenario 2) will impose additional costs on some households roughly equal to average cash expenses for transportation to a HCF. Additional financing mechanisms that further reduce the costs of accessing care at a HCF and/or that make artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) accessible for home management need to be developed and evaluated as a top priority.</p