Brachiaria As A Cover Crop To Improve Phosphorus Use Efficiency In A No-till Oxisol

Oxidic soils are phosphorus drains in soil; hence, P availability is a limiting factor in tropical, weathered Oxidic soils. It has been shown that some brachiarias grown as cover crops may increase soil available P to subsequent crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil P cycling and availability, as well as the response of soybean to soluble and natural reactive phosphates as affected by ruzi grass (Urochloa ruziziensis, R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard, Crin) grown as a cover crop in a no-till system. Experimental treatments consisted of the presence or absence of ruzi grass in combination with a control (0.0 P) and soluble and reactive rock phosphate broadcast on the soil surface in the winter (80 kg ha-1 P2O2), plus three rates of P applied to soybean furrows (0, 30, and 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5) at planting, in the form of triple superphosphate. Soybean was cropped in two seasons: 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. Soil samples were taken before soybean planting (after desiccation of Brachiaria) at 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m for soil available P. Total weight of dry matter and P accumulated in ruzi grass were determined, as well as soybean yields, P in soybean grains, and P use efficiency (PUE). The use of natural phosphate increased soil P availability. The highest yields were obtained with higher application rates of triple superphosphate in the planting furrow combined with broadcast rock phosphate. Broadcast application of Arad reactive phosphate increases and maintains soil available P, and this practice, associated with ruzi grass grown as a cover crop and the use of triple superphosphate applied to soybean furrows, results in higher use of P by soybeans. © 2016, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo. All rights reserved.4

Hard Turning of Sintered Cemented Carbide Parts: A Shop Floor Experience

AbstractMachining hardened steel has been a recurring issue in the literature when tools with defined geometry cutting edges are used. It is well known the use of cemented carbides to produce cutting tools. It is also well known that this occurs before applying sintering process, to facilitate the production of special tools or specific kind of parts, which will be sintered later. What is not very known is the cutting of cemented carbides to produce special kind of parts used when high hardness, high compression resistance, high surface quality and tight tolerances are demanded. To meet such requirements is necessary to machine the pieces after sintering. Despite being a satisfactory alternative, the grinding process could not meet such requirements and, moreover, probably is more expensive. The purpose of this work is to develop an experience that, by gathering data from an industry shop floor that choose not to be identified, show the feasibility of turning sintered cemented carbide. The results showed that besides to be viable, turning process could machine workpieces with tight tolerances and excellent surface roughness

Comunicación corta. Aflatoxina y ochratoxina A totales en hígado, riñones y plasma de pollos contaminados experimentalmente

Mycotoxicosis, particularly that caused by aflatoxins and ochratoxins, is a serious problem for the poultry production industry. The aim of this study was to determine the total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels in liver and plasma, and kidneys and plasma, respectively, of chickens for fattening fed experimentally contaminated diets, and to assess the impact of these toxins on body weight increase and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Forty eight 21 day-old Ross breeder chickens (n = 12 x four treatments) were fed diets containing different levels of mycotoxins: grower diet + ochratoxin A (200 mg/kg of feed) + total aflatoxin in different concentrations (T1 = 60 microg/kg of feed; T = 50 microg/kg; T3 = 30 microg/kg). Control chickens (T4) were fed only the grower diet. No significant differences were seen in the weight increase of chickens subjected to the different treatments. However, lower FCRs were seen in those exposed to T1 and T2. In general, the amount of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A found in the liver, kidneys and plasma (determined by ELISA) were directly related to the amounts added to the experimental diets and feed consumption. Plasma ochratoxin A was always higher than kidney levels; this relationship was not seen for total aflatoxin.Las micotoxicosis, en particular las aflatoxicosis y ocratoxicosis, son un serio problema sanitario en la producción avícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el nivel de aflatoxinas y ochratoxinas A en hígado y plasma, y riñones y plasma, respectivamente, de pollos alimentados con dietas experimentalmente contaminadas e investigar el impacto de estas toxinas en el peso corporal y el cociente de conversión del alimento (FCR). Se alimentaron 48 pollos Ross de 21 días de edad (n = 12 x cuatro tratamientos) con dietas conteniendo diferentes niveles de micotoxinas: una dieta de crecimiento + 200 mg/kg de ochratoxina A + aflatoxina total en diferentes concentraciones (T1 = 60 microg/kg; T2 = 50 microg/kg; T3 = 30 microg/kg). Lo pollos control (T4) fueron solamente alimentados con la dieta de engorde. No hubo diferencias significativas en el aumento de peso de los pollos sometidos a los diferentes tratamientos; sin embargo, se detectaron FCRs menores para los expuestos a T1 y T2. En general, la cantidad de aflatoxina total y ochratoxina A detectadas por ELISA en hígado, riñones y plasma fueron directamente proporcionales a los niveles de las micotoxinas añadidas a las dietas experimentales. La ochratoxina A en plasma fue siempre superior a la encontrada en riñón; esta relación no se detectó para la aflatoxina total

Factors associated with walking, moderate and vigorous physical activities in adolescents

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between a set of variables (adolescents' gender, age, economic level, nutritional status, and fathers' educational level) and physical activity practices. The sample consisted of 578 students from a public school, aged between 11 and 16 years. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, version 8, short form) was applied in order to measure their physical activity practices. Chi-square, independent t test and one-way ANOVA were implemented. Thirteen percent of adolescents were physically inactive and no significant difference was found between gender (p > .05). Compared to boys, girls spent more time in walking (p = .019) and vigorous activities (p = .017). Adolescents aged 14-16 years spent more time in walking compared with those aged 11-12 years (p = .026) and 13-year-olds (p = .006). There was a positive association between economic level and time spent in moderate physical activity (p = .034)

Multiscale formulation for material failure accounting for cohesive cracks at the macro and micro scales

This contribution presents a two-scale formulation devised to simulate failure in materials with het- erogeneous micro-structure. The mechanical model accounts for the activation of cohesive cracks in the micro-scale domain. The evolution/propagation of cohesive micro-cracks can induce material instability at the macro-scale level. Then, a cohesive crack is activated in the macro-scale model which considers, in a homogenized sense, the constitutive response of the intricate failure mode taking place in the smaller length scale.The two-scale model is based on the concept of Representative Volume Element (RVE). It is designed following an axiomatic variational structure. Two hypotheses are introduced in order to build the foundations of the entire two-scale theory, namely: (i) a mechanism for transferring kinematical information from macro- to-micro scale along with the concept of “Kinematical Admissibility”, relating both primal descriptions, and (ii) a Multiscale Variational Principle of internal virtual power equivalence between the involved scales of analysis. The homogenization formulae for the generalized stresses, as well as the equilibrium equations at the micro-scale, are consequences of the variational statement of the problem.The present multiscale technique is a generalization of a previous model proposed by the authors and could be viewed as an application of a general framework recently proposed by the authors. The main novelty in this article lies on the fact that failure modes in the micro-structure now involve a set of multiple cohesive cracks, connected or disconnected, with arbitrary orientation, conforming a complex tortuous failure path. Tortuosity is a topic of decisive importance in the modelling of material degradation due to crack propagation. Following the present multiscale modelling approach, the tortuosity effect is introduced in order to satisfy the “Kinematical Admissibility” concept, when the macro-scale kinematics is transferred into the micro-scale domain. There- fore, it has a direct consequence in the homogenized mechanical response, in the sense that the proposed scale transition method (including the tortuosity effect) retrieves the correct post-critical response.Coupled (macro-micro) numerical examples are presented showing the potentialities of the model to sim- ulate complex and realistic fracture problems in heterogeneous materials. In order to validate the multiscale technique in a rigorous manner, comparisons with the so-called DNS (Direct Numerical Solution) approach are also presented

Erratum To: Quality Of Sweat Test (st) Based On The Proportion Of Sweat Sodium (na) And Sweat Chloride (cl) As Diagnostic Parameter Of Cystic Fibrosis: Are We On The Right Way?

During production of the original article [1] the Methods section included an incorrect sentence. The following sentence "For the analysis of variables with numerical distribution, Fisher's exact test and one-way analysis of variance were used" should be corrected as "For the analysis of variables with numerical distribution, Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used". © The Author(s).12

Building The Sugarcane Genome For Biotechnology And Identifying Evolutionary Trends

Background: Sugarcane is the source of sugar in all tropical and subtropical countries and is becoming increasingly important for bio-based fuels. However, its large (10 Gb), polyploid, complex genome has hindered genome based breeding efforts. Here we release the largest and most diverse set of sugarcane genome sequences to date, as part of an on-going initiative to provide a sugarcane genomic information resource, with the ultimate goal of producing a gold standard genome.Results: Three hundred and seventeen chiefly euchromatic BACs were sequenced. A reference set of one thousand four hundred manually-annotated protein-coding genes was generated. A small RNA collection and a RNA-seq library were used to explore expression patterns and the sRNA landscape. In the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway, 16 non-redundant enzyme-encoding genes were identified. One of the sucrose pathway genes, sucrose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, is duplicated in sugarcane and sorghum, but not in rice and maize. A diversity analysis of the s6pp duplication region revealed haplotype-structured sequence composition. Examination of hom(e)ologous loci indicate both sequence structural and sRNA landscape variation. A synteny analysis shows that the sugarcane genome has expanded relative to the sorghum genome, largely due to the presence of transposable elements and uncharacterized intergenic and intronic sequences.Conclusion: This release of sugarcane genomic sequences will advance our understanding of sugarcane genetics and contribute to the development of molecular tools for breeding purposes and gene discovery. © 2014 de Setta et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.151European Commission: Agriculture and Rural Development: Sugar http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sugar/index_en.htmKellogg, E.A., Evolutionary history of the grasses (2001) Plant Physiol, 125, pp. 1198-1205Grivet, L., Arruda, P., Sugarcane genomics: depicting the complex genome of an important tropical crop (2001) Curr Opin Plant Biol, 5, pp. 122-127Piperidis, G., Piperidis, N., D'Hont, A., Molecular cytogenetic investigation of chromosome composition and transmission in sugarcane (2010) Mol Genet Genomics, 284, pp. 65-73D'Hont, A., Unraveling the genome structure of polyploids using FISH and GISHexamples of sugarcane and banana (2005) Cytogenet Genome Res, 109, pp. 27-33D'Hont, A., Glaszmann, J.C., Sugarcane genome analysis with molecular markers: a first decade of research (2001) Int Soc Sugar Cane Technol Proc XXIV Congr, pp. 556-559Tomkins, J., Yu, Y., Miller-Smith, H., Frisch, D., Woo, S., Wing, R., A bacterial artificial chromosome library for sugarcane (1999) Theor Appl Genet, 99, pp. 419-424Vettore, L., Silva, F.R., Kemper, E.L., Souza, G.M., Silva, A.M., Ferro, M., Henrique-Silva, F., Monteiro-Vitorello, C.B., Analysis and functional annotation of an expressed sequence tag collection for tropical crop sugarcane (2003) Genome Res, 13, pp. 2725-2735Repbase http://www.girinst.org/repbase/Domingues, D.S., Cruz, G.M.Q., Metcalfe, C.J., Nogueira, F.T.S., Vicentini, R., Alves, C.S., Van Sluys, M.-A., Analysis of plant LTR-retrotransposons at the fine-scale family level reveals individual molecular patterns (2012) BMC Genomics, 13, p. 137National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Meyer, F., Paarmann, D., D'Souza, M., Olson, R., Glass, E.M., Kubal, M., Paczian, T., Edwards, R.A., The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes (2008) BMC Bioinformatics, 9, p. 386Keeling, P.L., Myers, A.M., Biochemistry and genetics of starch synthesis (2010) Annu Rev Food Sci Technol, 1, pp. 271-303Phytozome v9.1: Home http://www.phytozome.net/Dias, E.S., Carareto, C.M.A., Ancestral polymorphism and recent invasion of transposable elements in Drosophila species (2012) BMC Evol Biol, 12, p. 119Posada, D., Crandall, K., Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks (2001) Trends Ecol Evol, 16, pp. 37-45Swaminathan, K., Alabady, M.S., Varala, K., De Paoli, E., Ho, I., Rokhsar, D.S., Arumuganathan, A.K., Hudson, M.E., Genomic and small RNA sequencing of Miscanthus x giganteus shows the utility of sorghum as a reference genome sequence for Andropogoneae grasses (2010) Genome Biol, 11, pp. R12Zanca, A.S., Vicentini, R., Ortiz-Morea, F.A., Del Bem, L.E., da Silva, M.J., Vincentz, M., Nogueira, F.T., Identification and expression analysis of microRNAs and targets in the biofuel crop sugarcane (2010) BMC Plant Biol, 10, p. 260Piriyapongsa, J., Jordan, I.K., A family of human microRNA genes from miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (2007) PLoS ONE, 2, pp. e203Barrera-Figueroa, B.E., Gao, L., Wu, Z., Zhou, X., Zhu, J., Jin, H., Liu, R., Zhu, J.-K., High throughput sequencing reveals novel and abiotic stress-regulated microRNAs in the inflorescences of rice (2012) BMC Plant Biol, 12, p. 132Nagaki, K., Tsujimoto, H., Sasakuma, T., A novel repetitive sequence of sugar cane, SCEN family, locating on centromeric regions (1998) Chromosom Res, 6, pp. 295-302Nagaki, K., Neumann, P., Zhang, D., Ouyang, S., Buell, C.R., Cheng, Z., Jiang, J., Structure, divergence, and distribution of the CRR centromeric retrotransposon family in rice (2005) Mol Biol Evol, 22, pp. 845-855Vicentini, R., Del Bem, L.E., Van Sluys, M.-A., Nogueira, F., Vincentz, M., Gene content analysis of sugarcane public ESTs reveals thousands of missing coding-genes and an unexpected pool of grasses conserved ncRNAs (2012) Trop Plant Biol, 5, pp. 199-205Kim, C., Lee, T.-H., Compton, R.O., Robertson, J.S., Pierce, G.J., Paterson, A.H., A genome-wide BAC end-sequence survey of sugarcane elucidates genome composition, and identifies BACs covering much of the euchromatin (2013) Plant Mol Biol, 81, pp. 139-147Paterson, A.H., Bowers, J.E., Bruggmann, R., Dubchak, I., Grimwood, J., Gundlach, H., Haberer, G., Carpita, N.C., The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses (2009) Nature, 457, pp. 551-556Chang, Y., Gong, L., Yuan, W., Li, X., Chen, G., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Wu, C., Replication protein A (RPA1a) is required for meiotic and somatic DNA repair but is dispensable for DNA replication and homologous recombination in rice (2009) Plant Physiol, 151, pp. 2162-2173Feschotte, C., Transposable elements and the evolution of regulatory networks (2008) Nat Rev Genet, 9, pp. 397-405Wang, J., Roe, B., Macmil, S., Yu, Q., Murray, J.E., Tang, H., Chen, C., Ming, R., Microcollinearity between autopolyploid sugarcane and diploid sorghum genomes (2010) BMC Genomics, 11, p. 261Garsmeur, O., Charron, C., Bocs, S., Jouffe, V., Samain, S., Couloux, A., Droc, G., D'Hont, A., High homologous gene conservation despite extreme autopolyploid redundancy in sugarcane (2011) New Phytol, 189, pp. 629-642Jannoo, N., Grivet, L., Chantret, N., Garsmeur, O., Glaszmann, J.C., Arruda, P., D'Hont, A., Orthologous comparison in a gene-rich region among grasses reveals stability in the sugarcane polyploid genome (2007) Plant J, 50, pp. 574-585Figueira, T.R.E.S., Okura, V., da Silva, F.R., da Silva, M.J., Kudrna, D., Ammiraju, J.S.S., Talag, J., Arruda, P., A BAC library of the SP80-3280 sugarcane variety (saccharum sp.) and its inferred microsynteny with the sorghum genome (2012) BMC Res Notes, 5, p. 185Schnable, P.S., Ware, D., Fulton, R.S., Stein, J.C., Wei, F., Pasternak, S., Liang, C., Gillam, B., The B73 maize genome: complexity, diversity, and dynamics (2009) Science, 326, pp. 1112-1115Tenaillon, M.I., Hufford, M.B., Gaut, B.S., Ross-Ibarra, J., Genome size and transposable element content as determined by high-throughput sequencing in maize and Zea luxurians (2011) Genome Biol Evol, 3, pp. 219-229Zhang, J., Yu, C., Krishnaswamy, L., Peterson, T., Transposable Elements as Catalysts for Chromosome Rearrangements (2011) Methods Mol Biol, pp. 315-326. , Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Birchler JAMa, J., Wing, R.A., Bennetzen, J.L., Jackson, S.A., Plant centromere organization: a dynamic structure with conserved functions (2007) Trends Genet, 23, pp. 134-139D'Hont, A., Grivet, L., Feldmann, P., Rao, S., Berding, N., Glaszmann, J.C., Characterisation of the double genome structure of modern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) by molecular cytogenetics (1996) Mol Gen Genet, 250, pp. 405-413Bao, Y., Wendel, J.F., Ge, S., Multiple patterns of rDNA evolution following polyploidy in Oryza (2010) Mol Phylogenet Evol, 55, pp. 136-142Lynch, M., (2007) The Origins of Genome Architecture, , Sunderland, Massachussetts, USA: Sinauer Associates IncThe map-based sequence of the rice genome (2005) Nature, 436, pp. 793-800. , International Rice Genome Sequencing ProjectLiu, B., Xu, C., Zhao, N., Qi, B., Kimatu, J.N., Pang, J., Han, F., Rapid genomic changes in polyploid wheat and related species: implications for genome evolution and genetic improvement (2009) J Genet Genomics, 36, pp. 519-528Lisch, D., How important are transposons for plant evolution? (2012) Nat Rev Genet, 14, pp. 49-61Udall, J.A., Wendel, J.F., Polyploidy and crop improvement (2006) Crop Sci, 46, pp. S3-S14Varshney, R.K., Graner, A., Sorrells, M.E., Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement (2005) Trends Plant Sci, 10, pp. 621-630Menossi, M., Silva-Filho, M.C., Vincentz, M., Van-Sluys, M.-A., Souza, G.M., Sugarcane functional genomics: gene discovery for agronomic trait development (2008) Int J Plant Genomics, 2008, p. 458732. , doi:10.1155/2008/458732Palhares, A.C., Rodrigues-Morais, T.B., Van Sluys, M.-A., Domingues, D.S., Maccheroni, W., Jordão, H., Souza, A.P., Vieira, M.L.C., A novel linkage map of sugarcane with evidence for clustering of retrotransposon-based markers (2012) BMC Genet, 13, p. 51Andersen, J.R., Lübberstedt, T., Functional markers in plants (2003) Trends Plant Sci, 8, pp. 554-560Kalendar, R., Flavell, A.J., Ellis, T.H.N., Sjakste, T., Moisy, C., Schulman, A., Analysis of plant diversity with retrotransposon-based molecular markers (2011) Heredity (Edinb), 106, pp. 520-530PGML BACMan On The Web: Grasses http://www.plantgenome.uga.edu/bacman/BACManwww.phpRice Genome Annotation Project http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/Bowers, J.E., Arias, M.A., Asher, R., Avise, J.A., Ball, R.T., Brewer, G.A., Buss, R.W., Soderlund, C.A., Comparative physical mapping links conservation of microsynteny to chromosome structure and recombination in grasses (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, pp. 13206-13211Adam-Blondon, A.-F., Bernole, A., Faes, G., Lamoureux, D., Pateyron, S., Grando, M.S., Caboche, M., Chalhoub, B., Construction and characterization of BAC libraries from major grapevine cultivars (2005) Theor Appl Genet, 110, pp. 1363-1371Manetti, M.E., Rossi, M., Cruz, G.M.Q., Saccaro, N.L., Nakabashi, M., Altebarmakian, V., Rodier-Goud, M., Van Sluys, M.A., Mutator system derivatives isolated from sugarcane genome sequence (2012) Trop Plant Biol, 5, pp. 233-243Phrap http://www.phrap.org/RepeatMasker http://www.repeatmasker.org/Jurka, J., Kapitonov, V.V., Pavlicek, A., Klonowski, P., Kohany, O., Repbase update, a database of eukaryotic repetitive elements (2005) Cytogenet Genome Res, 110, pp. 462-467Han, Y., Wessler, S.R., MITE-Hunter: a program for discovering miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements from genomic sequences (2010) Nucleic Acids Res, 38 (22), pp. e199. , doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq862. Epub 2010 Sep 29Frickey, T., Lupas, A., CLANS: a Java application for visualizing protein families based on pairwise similarity (2004) Bioinformatics, 20, pp. 3702-3704Han, Y., Qin, S., Wessler, S.R., Comparison of class 2 transposable elements at superfamily resolution reveals conserved and distinct features in cereal grass genomes (2013) BMC Genomics, 14, p. 71Keller, O., Kollmar, M., Stanke, M., Waack, S., A novel hybrid gene prediction method employing protein multiple sequence alignments (2011) Bioinformatics, 27, pp. 757-763Majoros, W.H., Pertea, M., Salzberg, S.L., TigrScan and GlimmerHMM: two open source ab initio eukaryotic gene-finders (2004) Bioinformatics, 20, pp. 2878-2879Haas, B.J., Delcher, A.L., Mount, S.M., Wortman, J.R., Smith, R.K., Hannick, L.I., Maiti, R., White, O., Improving the Arabidopsis genome annotation using maximal transcript alignment assemblies (2003) Nucleic Acids Res, 31, pp. 5654-5666Haas, B.J., Salzberg, S.L., Zhu, W., Pertea, M., Allen, J.E., Orvis, J., White, O., Wortman, J.R., Automated eukaryotic gene structure annotation using EVidenceModeler and the Program to assemble spliced alignments (2008) Genome Biol, 9, pp. R7Petersen, T.N., Brunak, S., von Heijne, G., Nielsen, H., SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions (2011) Nat Methods, 8, pp. 785-786TMHMM Server v. 2.0 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/Rutherford, K., Parkhill, J., Crook, J., Horsnell, T., Rice, P., Rajandream, M.A., Barrell, B., Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation (2000) Bioinformatics, 16, pp. 944-945UniProt http://www.uniprot.org/InterPro: Protein sequence analysis and classification http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/Conesa, A., Götz, S., Blast2GO: a comprehensive suite for functional analysis in plant genomics (2008) Int J Plant Genomics, 2008, pp. 1-12SUCEST-FUN Project http://sucest-fun.org/MG-RAST: metagenomics analysis server http://metagenomics.anl.gov/KAAS - KEGG automatic annotation server http://www.genome.jp/kegg/kaas/Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods (2011) Mol Biol Evol, 28, pp. 2731-2739Lyons, E., Freeling, M., How to usefully compare homologous plant genes and chromosomes as DNA sequences (2008) Plant J, 53, pp. 661-673Hall, T.A., BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT (1999) Nucleic Acids Symp Ser, 41, pp. 95-98Geneious - Homepage http://www.geneious.com/Heslop-Harrison, P., Schwarzacher, T., (2000) Practical In Situ Hybridization, , Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers LtdAljanabi, S., Forget, L., Dookun, A., An improved and rapid protocol for the isolation of polysaccharide-and polyphenol-free sugarcane DNA (1999) Plant Mol Biol Report, 17, pp. 1-8Maq: Mapping and assembly with qualities http://maq.sourceforge.net/SeqMonk http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/seqmonk/Gasic, K., Hernandez, A., Korban, S.S., RNA extraction from different apple tissues rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides for cDNA (2004) Plant Mol Biol Report, 22 (DECEMBER), pp. 437a-437gLi, H., Durbin, R., Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform (2009) Bioinformatics, 25, pp. 1754-1760Li, H., Handsaker, B., Wysoker, A., Fennell, T., Ruan, J., Homer, N., Marth, G., Durbin, R., The sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools (2009) Bioinformatics, 25, pp. 2078-2079Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., Gibson, T.J., CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice (1994) Nucleic Acids Res, 22, pp. 4673-4680Bandelt, H.J., Forster, P., Röhl, A., Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies (1999) Mol Biol Evol, 16, pp. 37-48Paterson, A.H., Freeling, M., Tang, H., Wang, X., Insights from the comparison of plant genome sequences (2010) Annu Rev Plant Biol, 61, pp. 349-37