Biomarcadores de sepse: uma revisão do valor diagnóstico da presepsina

A sepse é uma síndrome prevalente e com alta morbimortalidade, sendo necessário um método diagnóstico precoce e eficaz. Estudos recentes sugerem que a presepsina pode ser um potencial biomarcador para o diagnóstico de sepse e que tem um desempenho melhor do que outros biomarcadores mais consolidados, como procalcitonina e PCR. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo avaliar a acurácia da presepsina para o diagnóstico de sepse e comparar com a procalcitonina e a proteína-C-reativa. Uma pesquisa sistemática abrangente foi conduzida no PubMed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde para coletar estudos publicados nos últimos dois anos com foco na precisão diagnóstica da presepsina para sepse. Oito estudos foram selecionados. Todos eles sugeriram que a presepsina tem algum valor diagnóstico para sepse. Em quatro estudos, a presepsina teve um desempenho melhor do que a procalcitonina e em dois a presepsina teve um desempenho melhor do que a PCR. Dois estudos não mostraram diferenças significativas entre a presepsina e os outros biomarcadores. Esta revisão indica que a presepsina pode ter valor significativo para o diagnóstico precoce da sepse, corroborando para aumentar a eficiência de ferramentas existentes, como a PCR e a procalcitonina. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar sua eficácia como um único marcador de diagnóstico.Sepsis is a prevalent syndrome with high morbimortality, so an efficient early diagnostic method is needed. Recent studies suggest that presepsin could be a potential biomarker to sepsis diagnosis and has a better performance than other more consolidated biomarkers, such as procalcitonin and CRP. This systematic review aims to develop assess the accuracy to sepsis diagnosis of the presepsin and compare with procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. A comprehensive systematic research was conducted in the PubMed and Virtual Health Library to collect studies published in the last two years that focused on presepsin diagnostic accuracy for sepsis. Eight studies were selected. All of them suggested that presepsin has some diagnostic value for sepsis. In four studies presepsin had a better performance than procalcitonin and in two studies presepsin performed better than CRP. Two studies did not show significant differences between presepsin and the other biomarkers. This review indicates that presepsin may have significant value for the early diagnosis of sepsis, corroborating to increase the efficiency of existing tools, such as CRP and procalcitonin. However, more studies are needed to confirm its efficiency as a single diagnosis’s marker

Enteral nutritional therapy: application of quality indicators

OBJETIVOS: Monitorar a adequação da terapia nutricional enteral na unidade de terapia intensiva visando à melhoria da qualidade da assistência nutricional. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e observacional desenvolvido na unidade de terapia intensiva adulto entre 2005 e 2008. Participaram da amostra pacientes maiores de 18 anos com terapia nutricional enteral exclusiva por mais de 72h. Analisou-se os valores médios e a adequação percentual de energia e proteínas calculados, prescritos e administrados em cada ano. Os fatores responsáveis pela não conformidade na administração planejada foram classificados em causas externas ou internas à unidade de terapia intensiva. Foram aplicados os indicadores de qualidade propostos pelo International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Brasil, sendo expressos em metas percentuais. Nas análises estatísticas utilizou-se o intervalo de confiança e os testes t Student e Mann-Whitney (p<0,05), segundo o programa Epi Info. RESULTADOS: Foram acompanhados 116 pacientes. Os valores médios de energia e proteínas administrados em 2005 e em 2006 apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando comparados a 2008. A adequação calculado/prescrito permaneceu próxima a 100% em todos os levantamentos e a adequação administrado/prescrito aumentou de 74% em 2005, para 89% em 2008. Constatou-se o aumento nas interrupções da terapia nutricional enteral por fatores externos e a diminuição das interrupções por fatores internos à unidade. Os indicadores de qualidade igualmente refletem a evolução da assistência prestada. CONCLUSÃO: Nos quatro levantamentos anuais verificou-se a melhora progressiva da oferta nutricional. Os indicadores de qualidade são uma nova perspectiva na avaliação da terapia nutricional enteral, permitindo monitorar a evolução da qualidade da assistência nutricional e a comparação com dados de outros serviços.OBJECTIVE: Monitor the adequacy of enteral nutritional therapy at the intensive care unit aiming to improve the quality of nutritional assistance. METHODS: Prospective and observational study developed at the adult intensive care unit from 2005 to 2008. Patients over 18 years of age with exclusive enteral nutritional therapy for over 72h participated in the sample. The average values and the percentile adequacy of energy and proteins calculated, prescribed and administered in each year were analyzed. The factors responsible for the non-conformity of the administration planned were classified into intensive care unit extrinsic or intrinsic causes. The quality indicators proposed by the ILSI Brazil were applied, and expressed into percentile goals. In the statistic analyses, confidence interval and the t Student e Mann-Whitney (p<0.05) tests were used, according to the Epi Info program. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen patients were followed up. There were statically difference in values of energy and protein administered in 2005 and in 2006, when compared to those in 2008. The adequacy calculated/prescribed remained close to 100% in all the surveys and the adequacy administered/prescribed increased from 74% in 2005, to 89% in 2008. An increase in interruptions of enteral nutritional therapy for external factors and the decrease in interruptions for intensive care unit internal factors were verified. The quality indicators equally reflect the evolution of the patient care. CONCLUSION: In the four yearly surveys, a progressive enhancement of nutritional support was verified. Quality indicators allow nutritional care evolution monitoring, the comparison to other services data, and are a new perspective for enteral nutritional therapy assessment

Dopamine and noradrenaline effects in the blood flux regional on therapeutic in the septic shock

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A noradrenalina e a dopamina são utilizadas, no estado de choque, com o intuito de oferecer suporte hemodinâmico e restabelecer a perfusão tecidual. As ações farmacológicas desses vasopressores podem ser variadas, deste modo, o uso necessita, por parte do clinico, interpretação dos efeitos hemodinâmicos, com observação das variáveis sistêmica e regional. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as publicações acerca dos efeitos da noradrenalina e dopamina em baixas doses na perfusão hepatoesplâncnica e renal no tratamento do choque séptico. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados artigos (n = 27) sobre o uso de noradrenalina e dopamina em choque séptico, publicados no período de 1997 a setembro de 2007 revisados na PubMed, base de dados da National Library of Medicine (NLM). Utilizou-se o recurso MESH com os descritores noradrenaline, dopamine e sepsis. RESULTADOS: Os efeitos de dopamina e noradrenalina na perfusão renal demonstraram ser semelhantes em relação ao aumento da diurese e não alteração na depuração de creatinina. A noradrenalina não afetou a perfusão tissular renal, apesar de elevar o tônus vascular. Quanto aos efeitos esplâncnicos, os dois fármacos demonstraram aumentar o fluxo sangüíneo, porém redistribuem o sangue nesse compartimento. CONCLUSÕES: Os estudos analisados foram controversos não demonstrando consenso acerca do fármaco mais oportuno para o restabelecimento hemodinâmico e manutenção de perfusão regional adequada.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Norepinephrine and dopamine are used, in the state of shock, with the intention of offering hemodynamic support and to reestablish tissue perfusion. The pharmacological effects of these vasopressors can be diverse, for this reason, their use requires, through the clinician, an interpretation of the hemodynamic effects with observation of the systemic variations and region. With this in mind, the objective of this study was to analyze the publications regarding the effects of norepinephrine and low-dose dopamine in hepatosplenic perfusion and renal in treatment of septic shock. METHODS: Articles were selected (n = 27) concerning the use of norepinephrine and dopamine in septic shock, published during the period of 1997 to September 2007, revised in PubMed, data base of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). The MESH method was utilized with the descriptors norepinephrine, dopamine and sepsis. RESULTS: The effects of dopamine and norepinephrine in kidney perfusion are similar; there is an increase in diuresis and no change in creatinine clearance. Norepinephrine did not affect kidney tissue perfusion in spite of the increase of vascular tone. Regarding the splancnic effects, these drugs showed an increase in blood flow, though redistributing the blood in this compartment. CONCLUSIONS: The best agent for the hemodynamic reestablishment that keeps the adequate regional perfusion remains inconclusive

The viability of using epigenetic drugs as a treatment of patients in sepsis - a translational perspective

Sepsis is a serious and potentially lethal clinical condition characterized by dysregulated immune and systemic inflammatory responses (SIRS) to an infection. Although sepsis has a high mortality rate (reaching 25% in Europe and North America), the clinical interventions available are still limited. In the bottom of this exacerbation of the immune response, that evolves to immunosuppression and immune paralysis, lies epigenetic mechanisms. In sepsis, the balance between activated and repressed immune related genes is at lost, and to recover that epigenetic based drugs promises to be the future of sepsis treatment. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC’s inhibitors) are drugs based in the epigenetic mechanism of acetylation and deacetylation of histones, and they have already been tested - phases three and four of clinical trials - as treatment for other diseases, such as multiple myeloma, and cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. Furthermore, experimental studies in sepsis models shows that HDAC’s inhibitors are a promising suppressor of the exacerbated inflammatory response. Therefore, as the recent works shows, epigenetic drugs should be considered a viable sepsis therapy in the future. The focus of this review is to present the most recent scientific advances in the basic and clinical areas of epigenetic as a sepsis treatment, opening opportunities for the use of epigenetic in treating this condition.Sepse é uma condição clínica grave e potencialmente letal caracterizada por desreguladas respostas imunes e inflamatórias sistêmicas (SIRS) a uma infecção. Embora a sepse tenha uma alta taxa de mortalidade (atingindo 25% na Europa e América do Norte), as intervenções clínicas disponíveis ainda são limitadas. Por trás dessa exacerbação da resposta imunológica, que evolui para a imunossupressão e paralisia imune, residem mecanismos epigenéticos. Na sepse, o equilíbrio entre genes imunes ativados e reprimidos relacionados é perdido, e reaver drogas baseadas na epigenética promete ser o futuro do tratamento da sepse. Inibidores da histona desacetilase (inibidores de HDAC) são drogas baseadas no mecanismo epigenético de acetilação e desacetilação de histonas, e eles já têm sido testados - fases três e quatro de ensaios clínicos - como tratamento para outras doenças, tais como o mieloma múltiplo, e linfoma cutâneo de células T. Além disso, os estudos experimentais em modelos de sepse mostram que os inibidores de HDAC são promissores supressores da resposta inflamatória exacerbada. Portanto, como os trabalhos recentes mostraram, drogas epigenéticas poderiam ser consideradas uma viável terapia para a sepse no futuro. O foco desta revisão é apresentar os mais recentes avanços científicos nas áreas básicas e clínicas de epigenética como um tratamento da sepse, abrindo oportunidades para o uso da epigenética no tratamento desta condição

Isolation and identification of NAD-independent Avibacterium paragallinarum (serovar C-1) from growing layer hens with infectious coryza

The isolation of V-factor (NAD)-independent, serovar C-1 of Avibacterium paragallinarum from growing layer hens with infec- tious coryza, is reported for the first time. Av. paragallinarum serovar C-1 isolates were PCR confirmed and shared a unique genetic profile. Isolation of Av. paragallinarum NAD-independent biovar, serotyping and genotyping of isolates at the avian diagnostic laboratories are discussed

Alterações nos compartimentos hídricos e energéticos do organismo durante a greve de fome

Prolonged total food deprivation in non-obese adults is rare, and few studies have documented body composition changes in this setting. In a group of eight hunger strikers who refused alimentation for 43 days, water and energy compartments were estimated, aiming to assess the impact of progressive starvation. Measurements included body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF), arm muscle circumference (AMC), and bioimpedance (BIA) determinations of water, fat, lean body mass (LBM), and total resistance. Indirect calorimetry was also performed in one occasion. The age of the group was 43.3±6.2 years (seven males, one female). Only water, intermittent vitamins and electrolytes were ingested, and average weight loss reached 17.9%. On the last two days of the fast (43rd-44th day) rapid intravenous fluid, electrolyte, and vitamin replenishment were provided before proceeding with realimentation. Body fat decreased approximately 60% (BIA and TSF), whereas BMI reduced only 18%. Initial fat was estimated by BIA as 52.2±5.4% of body weight, and even on the 43rd day it was still measured as 19.7±3.8% of weight. TSF findings were much lower and commensurate with other anthropometric results. Water was comparatively low with high total resistance, and these findings rapidly reversed upon the intravenous rapid hydration. At the end of the starvation period, BMI (21.5±2.6 kg/m²) and most anthropometric determinations were still acceptable, suggesting efficient energy and muscle conservation. Conclusions: 1) All compartments diminished during fasting, but body fat was by far the most affected; 2) Total water was low and total body resistance comparatively elevated, but these findings rapidly reversed upon rehydration; 3) Exaggerated fat percentage estimates from BIA tests and simultaneous increase in lean body mass estimates suggested that this method was inappropriate for assessing energy compartments in the studied population; 4) Patients were not morphologically malnourished after 43 days of fasting; however, the prognostic impact of other impairments was not considered in this analysis.A privação total e prolongada de alimentos em adultos não-obesos é raramente vista, e poucos estudos documentaram as modificações da composição corpórea neste contexto.Num grupo de oito casos de greve de fome durante 43 dias, procedeu-se à estimativa dos compartimentos hídricos e energéticos, visando averiguar a influência sobre os mesmos da desnutrição progressiva.Os métodos incluiram índice de massa corporal (IMC), prega cutânea do tríceps (PCT), circunferência muscular do braço, e determinação através da bioimpedância (BIA) da água, massa gorda, massa magra e resistência corpórea total..A calorimetria indireta foi realizada em uma ocasião apenas.A idade do grupo era de 43,3± 6,2 anos (sete homens, uma mulher), somente água e ocasionais eletrólitos e vitaminas foram ingeridos no jejum, e a perda de peso média foi de 17,9%. Por volta do 43º dia da greve iniciou-se a reposição venosa rápida de fluidos, vitaminas e eletrólitos,antes de se prosseguir com a realimentação.A gordura corporal diminuiu em aproximadamente 60% (BIA e PCT), ao passo que o IMC caiu apenas 18%.A estimativa da gordura total inicial por BIA foi de 52,2± 5,4% do peso corporal, e mesmo no 43º dia do evento o valor calculado era de 19,7± 3,8% do peso.Os valores correspondentes deduzidos da PCT mostraram-se substancialmente inferiores, e mais compatíveis com os demais índices antropométricos. A água corporal revelou-se inicialmente contraída, com resistência elevada,sendo que estes achados se reverteram rapidamente por ocasião da hidratação venosa rápida.Quando do término da greve de fome o IMC (21,5± 2,6 kg/m²) e outras variáveis antropométricas revelavam-se numericamente aceitáveis, sugerindo eficiente conservação de musculatura e energia na fase de dieta zero.Conclui-se que: 1) Todos os compartimentos orgânicos se contrairam na greve de fome, porém o tecido adiposo foi de longe o mais afetado; 2) A água corporal mostrou-se reduzida com elevada resistência total, mas estes achados inverteram-se prontamente mediante hidratação parenteral; 3) O encontro de gordura total excessiva e de aumento da massa magra com o avançar do jejum sugerem que as leituras de BIA são inapropriadas para esta população e fornecem resultados incoerentes; 4) Com base nos parâmetros expostos os doentes não estavam morfologicamente desnutridos ao cabo de 43 dias, todavia não foram aqui avaliados outros transtornos de considerável importância prognóstica

Biofilm formation as a novel phenotypic feature of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Crohn's disease (CD) is a high morbidity chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Adherent-invasive <it>Escherichia coli </it>(AIEC) has been recently implicated in the origin and perpetuation of CD. Because bacterial biofilms in the gut mucosa are suspected to play a role in CD and biofilm formation is a feature of certain pathogenic <it>E. coli </it>strains, we compared the biofilm formation capacity of 27 AIEC and 38 non-AIEC strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa. Biofilm formation capacity was then contrasted with the AIEC phenotype, the serotype, the phylotype, and the presence of virulence genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Specific biofilm formation (SBF) indices were higher amongst AIEC than non-AIEC strains (P = 0.012). In addition, 65.4% of moderate to strong biofilms producers were AIEC, whereas 74.4% of weak biofilm producers were non-AIEC (P = 0.002). These data indicate that AIEC strains were more efficient biofilm producers than non-AIEC strains. Moreover, adhesion (P = 0.009) and invasion (P = 0.003) indices correlated positively with higher SBF indices. Additionally, motility (100%, P < 0.001), H1 type flagellin (53.8%, P < 0.001), serogroups O83 (19.2%, P = 0.008) and O22 (26.9%, P = 0.001), the presence of virulence genes such as <it>sfa/focDE </it>(38.5%, P = 0.003) and <it>ibeA </it>(26.9%, P = 0.017), and B2 phylotype (80.8%, P < 0.001) were frequent characteristics amongst biofilm producers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The principal contribution of the present work is the finding that biofilm formation capacity is a novel, complementary pathogenic feature of the recently described AIEC pathovar. Characterization of AIEC specific genetic determinants, and the regulatory pathways, involved in biofilm formation will likely bring new insights into AIEC pathogenesis.</p

Hypertonic saline solution reduces the inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats

OBJECTIVE: Volume replacement in septic patients improves hemodynamic stability. This effect can reduce the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution versus 0.9% normal saline solution for volume replacement during an inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. METHODS: We measured cytokines (serum and gut), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as indicators of oxidative stress in the gut. Rats were divided into four groups: control group (C) that did not receive lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide injection without treatment (LPS); lipopolysaccharide injection with saline treatment (LPS + S); and lipopolysaccharide injection with hypertonic saline treatment (LPS + H). Serum and intestine were collected. Measurements were taken at 1.5, 8, and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. RESULTS: Of the four groups, the LPS + H group had the highest survival rate. Hypertonic saline solution treatment led to lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to 0.9% normal saline. In addition, hypertonic saline treatment resulted in a lower mortality compared to 0.9% normal saline treatment in endotoxemic rats. Volume replacement reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and gut. CONCLUSION: Hypertonic saline treatment reduced mortality and lowered levels of inflammatory mediators in endotoxemic rats. Hypertonic saline also has the advantage of requiring less volume replacement.FAPESP-09/03338-7FAPESP-06/00443-6CNPQ-470744/2004-