76 research outputs found

    Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade: aspectos etiológicos e manejo clínico no adulto e na criança

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    A pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) é definida como uma infecção alveolar em pacientes que não estão num contexto de internação, ou não foram internados recentemente. A etiologia da doença é diversificada, haja vista que possui relação com diversos fatores, sendo eles a região geográfica, idade, exposições recentes, uso de antibióticos recentes, além do uso de vacinas. Todavia, vale mencionar que o Streptococcus pneumoniae é o agente bacteriano mais comum. No que tange às manifestações clínicas, tosse, febre, expectoração, dispneia, dor torácica e estertores à ausculta pulmonar são sinais e sintomas bastante comuns. Exames de imagem como radiografia de tórax e tomografia computadorizada podem ser úteis tanto para contribuir no diagnóstico e acompanhamento do paciente, como também para avaliação de possíveis complicações. Ademais, a PAC pode ser classificada em relação a sua gravidade. Para isso, pode-se lançar mão de alguns critérios, como o CURB65 e o PSI, que conseguem classificar o paciente e sugestionar a necessidade ou não de internação. O manejo da PAC gira em torno do uso de antibióticos, de forma empírica, conforme fatores de risco do paciente, comorbidades e padrões de resistência local. Geralmente, a terapêutica é instituída no ambiente ambulatorial, sendo que nos pacientes hígidos, o tratamento preconizado é o macrolídeo, no intuito de cobrir germes atípicos, ou a amoxicilina, no intuito de cobrir germes típicos, como é o caso do Streptococcus pneumoniae

    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Brazilian legislation on genetic heritage harms biodiversity convention goals and threatens basic biology research and education

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    The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

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    Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications
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