Analytical model for BTEX natural attenuation in the presence of fuel ethanol and its anaerobic metabolite acetate

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology Vol. 146 (2013), DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.12.006Flow-through column studies were conducted to mimic the natural attenuation of ethanol and BTEX mixtures, and to consider potential inhibitory effects of ethanol and its anaerobic metabolite acetate on BTEX biodegradation. Results were analyzed using a one-dimensional analytical model that was developed using consecutive reaction differential equations based on first-order kinetics. Decrease in pH due to acetogenesis was also modeled, using charge balance equations under CaCO3 dissolution conditions. Delay in BTEX removal was observed and simulated in the presence of ethanol and acetate. Acetate was the major volatile fatty acid intermediate produced during anaerobic ethanol biodegradation (accounting for about 58% of the volatile fatty acid mass) as suggested by the model data fit. Acetate accumulation (up to 1.1 g/L) near the source zone contributed to a pH decrease by almost one unit. The anaerobic degradation of ethanol (2 g/L influent concentration) at the source zone produced methane at concentrations exceeding its solubility (≅ 26 mg/L). Overall, this simple analytical model adequately described ethanol degradation, acetate accumulation and methane production patterns, suggesting that it could be used as a screening tool to simulate lag times in BTEX biodegradation, changes in groundwater pH and methane generation following ethanol-blended fuel releases

1,4-Dioxane-degrading consortia can be enriched from uncontaminated soils: prevalence of Mycobacterium and soluble di-iron monooxygenase genes

Two bacterial consortia were enriched from uncontaminated soil by virtue of their ability to grow on 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) as a sole carbon and energy source. Their specific dioxane degradation rates at 30°C, pH = 7 (i.e. 5.7 to 7.1 g-dioxane per g-protein per day) were comparable to those of two dioxane-metabolizing archetypes: Pseudonocardia dioxanivoransCB1190 and Mycobacterium dioxanotrophicusPH-06. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, Mycobacterium was the dominant genus. Acetylene inhibition tests suggest that dioxane degradation was mediated by monooxygenases. However, qPCR analyses targeting the tetrahydrofuran/dioxane monooxygenase gene (thmA/dxmA) (which is, to date, the only sequenced dioxane monooxygenase gene) were negative, indicating that other (as yet unknown) catabolic gene(s) were responsible. DNA sequence analyses also showed threefold to sevenfold enrichment of group 5 and group 6 soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) genes relative to the original soil samples. Whereas biodegradation of trace levels of dioxane is a common challenge at contaminated sites, both consortia degraded dioxane at low initial concentrations (300 μg l−1) below detectable levels (5 μg l−1) in bioaugmented microcosms prepared with impacted groundwater. Overall, this work shows that dioxane-degrading bacteria (and the associated natural attenuation potential) exist even in some uncontaminated soils, and may be enriched to broaden bioaugmentation options for sites experiencing insufficient dioxane catabolic capacity

Equation of state measurements of D2 on Nova

In this paper we describe principle Hugoniot measurements of liquid D{sub 2} up to P = 2.1 Mbar. We compressed liquid D{sub 2} with a Nova-laser-driven shock wave launched from an aluminum pusher. The Al/D{sub 2} interface and the shock front in the D{sub 2} are observed with temporally resolved radiography, to determine particle speed U{sub p}, shock speed U{sub s}, and the ratio of final density to initial density {rho}/{rho}{sub 0}. The pressure is calculated. These absolute EOS data reveal a compressibility comparable to the dissociation model

Classic Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Reference Values for Assessing Body Composition in Male and Female Athletes

Bioimpedance standards are well established for the normal healthy population and in clinical settings, but they are not available for many sports categories. The aim of this study was to develop reference values for male and female athletes using classic bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA). In this study, 1556 athletes engaged in different sports were evaluated during their off-season period. A tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to determine measurements of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc). The classic BIVA procedure, which corrects bioelectrical values for body height, was applied, and fat-free mass, fat mass, and total body water were estimated. In order to verify the need for specific references, classic bioelectrical values were compared to the reference values for the general male and female populations. Additionally, athletes were divided into three groups: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. In comparison with the general healthy male and female populations, the mean vectors of the athletes showed a shift to the left on the R-Xc graph. Considering the same set of modalities, BIVA confidence graphs showed that male and female endurance athletes presented lower body fluids, fat mass, and fat-free mass than other sets of modalities. This study provides BIVA reference values for an athletic population that can be used as a standard for assessing body composition in male and female athletes

ASPECTOS GENÉTICOS E DE AMBIENTE SOBRE PESOS PRÉ E PÓS DESMAMA EM BOVINOS DA RAÇA TABAPUÃ NA REGIÃO PECUÁRIA OESTE SÃO PAULO PARANÁ

A região pecuária Oeste São Paulo-Paraná tem características exclusivas para definição do manejo a ser adotado nos rebanhos. Desta forma, se faz necessário a identificação de parâmetros que possam contribuir para a melhoria de sua produtividade. Foram avaliadas fontes genéticas e não genéticas da variação dos pesos ajustados para aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idades de bovinos Tabapuã, em um período de 20 anos. Análises de variância foram realizadas pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, para verificar a influência de alguns fatores ambientais. O modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos fixos de ano e estação de nascimento, sexo e a covariável de idade da vaca ao parto (linear e quadrático), além do efeito aleatório de touro aninhado a fazenda de criação. Os componentes de (co)variância para obter os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas (REML), sob modelo animal univariado. Incluiu-se neste modelo os efeitos aleatórios genéticos direto e materno, e o de ambiente permanente da vaca, além dos efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e a covariável idade da vaca (efeito linear e quadrático). As médias observadas dos pesos aos 205, 365 e 550 dias foram: 170,35 (25,04; 219,49 (31,37 e 282,97 (48,90 kg, para 7.419, 6.726 e 4.431 observações, respectivamente. Os efeitos de meio foram significantes (

The predictive role of raw bioelectrical impedance parameters in water compartments and fluid distribution assessed by dilution techniques in athletes

The aims of this study were to analyze the usefulness of raw bioelectrical impedance (BI) parameters in assessing water compartments and fluid distribution in athletes. A total of 202 men and 71 female athletes were analyzed. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined by dilution techniques, while intracellular water (ICW) was calculated. Fluid distribution was calculated as the ECW/ICW ratio (E:I). Phase angle (PhA), resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were obtained through BI spectroscopy using frequency 50kHz. Fat (FM) and fat\u2010free mass (FFM) were assessed by dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry. After adjusting for height, FM, FFM, age and sports category we observed that: PhA predicted ICW (females: \u3b2 = 1.62, p < 0.01; males: \u3b2 = 2.70, p < 0.01) and E:I (males and females: \u3b2 = 120.08; p < 0.01); R explained TBW (females: \u3b2 = 120.03; p < 0.01; males: \u3b2 = 120.06; p < 0.01) and ECW (females: \u3b2 = \u20130.02, p < 0.01; males: \u3b2 = 120.03, p < 0.01) and ICW (females: \u3b2 = \u20130.01, p < 0.053; males: \u3b2 = \u20130.03 p < 0.01); and Xc predicted ECW (females: \u3b2 = 120.06, p < 0.01; males: \u3b2 = 120.12, p < 0.01). A higher PhA is a good predictor of a larger ICW pool and a lower E:I, regardless of body composition, age, height, and sports category. Lower R is associated with higher water pools whereas ECW expansion is explained by lower Xc. Raw BI parameters are useful predictors of total and extracellular pools, cellular hydration and fluid distribution in athletes

Triterpenes From The Flowers Of Gochnatia Polymorpha Subsp. Floccose

Phytochemical study of the flowers of Gochnatia polymorpha subsp. floccosa, Asteraceae, yielded eleven known triterpenes identified as lupeol, lupeyl acetate, lupeyl palmitate, taraxasterol, taraxasteryl acetate, pseudotaraxasterol, pseudotaraxasterol acetate, α-amyrin, α-amyryl palmitate, β-amyrin and β-amyryl palmitate, along with sitosterol, stigmasterol, palmitic and stearic acids. These compounds are been reported for the first time in the species. The compounds were identified by analysis of NMR spectra (1H, 13C and DEPT), GC-MS and comparison with literature data. Previous work have reported the isolation of triterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins and phenolic compounds from aerial parts and roots from G. polymorpha.213556559Adams, R.P., Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (2007) Allured Publ. Corp, , Carol Stream, ILBohlmann, F., Zdero, C., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Jakupovic, J., Dominguez, X.A., King, R.M., Robinson, H., Dimeric guainolides and other constituents from Gochnatia species (1986) Phytochemistry, 25, pp. 1175-1178Cabrera, A.L., Klein, R.M., Compostas - tribo mutisiae (1973) Itajaí: Herbário Barbosa-Rodrigues, pp. 29-35. , In: Reitz R (org.)Catalan, C.A.N., Borkosky, S.A., Joseph-Nathan, P., The secondary metabolite chemistry of the subtribe Gochnatiinae (tribe Mutisieae, family Compositae) (1996) Biochem Syst Ecol, 24, pp. 659-718Catalan, C.A.N., Vega, M.I., Lopez, M.E., Cuenca, M.R., Gedris, T.E., Herz, W., Coumarins and a kaurane from Gochnatia polymorpha ssp polymorpha from Paraguay (2003) Biochem Syst Ecol, 31, pp. 417-422Correia, S.J., David, J.M., Silva, E.P., David, J.P., Lopes, L.M.X., Guedes, M.L.S., Flavonóides, norisoprenoides e outros terpenos das folhas de Tapira guianensis (2008) Quim Nova, 3, pp. 2056-2059Diaz, G., Nogueira, M.A., Olguin, C.F.A., Somensi, A., Vidotti, G.J., Estudo fitoquímico e biológico de Vernonia tweediana Baker (Asteraceae) (2008) Lat Am J Pharm, 27, pp. 56-61Farias, A.C.M., Silva, A.J.R., Tomassini, T.C.B., Constituents of Mochinea polymorpha (1984) J Nat Prod, 47, pp. 363-364Gallegos, R.S., Roque, N.F., Análise de misturas de triterpenos por RMN 13C (1990) Quim Nova, 13, pp. 278-281Goulart, M.O.F., Santana, A.E.G., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Braz-Filho, R., Fitoconstituintes químicos de Jatropha elliptica. Atribuição dos deslocamentos químicos dos átomos de carbono e hidrogênio dos diterpenos jatrofolonas A e B (1993) Quim Nova, 16, pp. 95-100Lima, M.C.L., Lemos, T.L.G., Braz-Filho, R., Pessoa, O.D.L., Chemical constituents from the flowers of Gochnatia blanquetiana (DC) Cabrera (2003) Rev Latinoam Quim, 31, pp. 85-88Lima, S.R., Oliveira, G.S., Morais, S.A.L., Nascimento, E.A., Chang, R., Estudo dos constituintes macromoleculares, extrativos voláteis e compostos fenólicos da Madeira de candeia - Moquinia polymorpha (Less) DC (2007) Cien Florestal, 17, pp. 145-155Mahato, S.B., Kundu, A.P., 13C NMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids - a compilation and some salient features (1994) Phytochemistry, 37, pp. 1517-1575Mendes, C.C., Cruz, F.G., David, J.M., Nascimento, I.P., David, J.P., Triterpenos esterificados com ácidos graxos e ácidos triterpênicos isolados de (1999) Byrsonima Microphylla. Quim Nova, 22, pp. 185-188Moreira, A.S., Spitzer, V., Schapoval, E.E.S., Schenkel, E.P., Antiinflammatory activity of extracts and fractions from the leaves of gochnatia polymorpha (2000) Phytother Res, 14, pp. 638-640Sacilotto, A.C.B., Vichnewski, W., Herz, W., Ent-kaurene diterpenes from Gochnatia polymorpha var (1997) Polymorpha. Phytochemistry, 44, pp. 659-661Silva, J.R.A., Rezende, C.M., Pinto, A.C., Pinheiro, M.L.B., Cordeiro, M.C., Young, C.M., Bolzani, V.S., Ésteres triterpênicos de Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson (1998) Quim Nova, 21, pp. 702-704Stefanello, M.E.A., Cervi, A.C., Wisniewski-Jr., A., Simionatto, E.L., Óleo essencial de Gochnatia polymorpha (Less) Cabr. ssp. floccosa Cabr (2006) Quim Nova, 29, pp. 999-1002Stefanello, M.E.A., Salvador, M.J., Ito, I.Y., Macari, P.A.T., Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica de extratos de Gochnatia polymorpha ssp (2006) Floccosa. Rev Bras Farmacogn, 16, pp. 525-53