Roots in Stone and Slavery Permanence, Mobility, and Empire in Seventeenth-Century Cartagena de Indias

This dissertation examines the strategies that institutions and individuals employed in order to establish themselves in the slave-trading port city of Cartagena de Indias. In doing so, it uncovers social, religious, economic, geographic, and increasingly racialized transformations that made Cartagena a sustainable and stable component of the Spanish empire during the seventeenth century. In 1610, when church officials arrived in Cartagena with a mandate to establish a new tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition, a fragile political and economic balance already prevailed. The inquisitors needed to carve out space to integrate the new tribunal into the existing system without upsetting local power groups. For this, the inquisitors employed a tactic that they described as “building authority day by day.” To avoid direct confrontation with existing power-holders the inquisitors applied confiscation of property gradually and selectively against people convicted of religious deviance. The first target for confiscation was a prosperous but socially vulnerable community of women of African descent whom inquisitors had declared guilty of “witchcraft.” By offering for sale confiscated real estate, which was located in a zone that was increasingly attractive to prosperous buyers, the Inquisition became integrated into the economic life of Cartagena and laid the foundations for the tribunal’s survival. Selective confiscations allowed inquisitors to secure the ground for later prosecuting members of the elite, especially Portuguese traders in African captives, suspected of practicing Judaism. The local power that the Inquisition had gradually attained allowed inquisitors to achieve some convictions and confiscations. However, the economic dynamics of the city--in which Portuguese traders had exclusive rights to trade in African captives through the asiento contracts--imposed limits to the Inquisition’s tactic. The inquisitors eventually acquitted most of the Portuguese traders and allowed many of them to remain in Cartagena. When the Portuguese asientos ended, Spanish migrants who had opened up space for themselves in Cartagena took control of the economic nodes that the Portuguese had previously dominated. Some Inquisition officials themselves profited from agricultural and commercial activities indispensable to the trade in African captives. Constrained by the physical limitations of a port city surrounded by water, members of the new commercial elite expanded their economic activities into the neighboring island of Getsemaní. Getsemaní was home to free and enslaved people of African descent who lived and worked in artisanal workshops, including noxious industries. Many residents of Cartagena described Getsemaní as an arrabal, or slum. Spanish newcomers seeking to become permanent residents of Getsemaní employed legal strategies to have those industries removed. For local officials, however, the economic benefits of the arrabal prevailed over arguments about the impropriety of unsavory enterprises. The economic survival of Cartagena required that such industries remain at the edges of the city’s physical boundaries. Against the colonial authorities’ interests, this liminal location allowed the communities of African descent that remained in Getsemaní to maintain connections with runaways from enslavement who had settled in the hinterlands. Fugitives themselves were sometimes able to maintain fragile freedoms in Getsemaní, passing unnoticed by people who took them to be “blacks from the forest” rather than “fugitive slaves.” The dynamics that made Cartagena a stable and self-sustaining city shaped the meanings of permanence for individuals of different backgrounds, including merchants who avoided conviction, notaries who drew revenue from forging documents, and fugitives from slavery who settled the forests surrounding Cartagena.  PHDHistoryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146037/1/anasilva_1.pd

Damageable contact between an elastic body and a rigid foundation

AbstractIn this work, the contact problem between an elastic body and a rigid obstacle is studied, including the development of material damage which results from internal compression or tension. The variational problem is formulated as a first-kind variational inequality for the displacements coupled with a parabolic partial differential equation for the damage field. The existence of a unique local weak solution is stated. Then, a fully discrete scheme is introduced using the finite element method to approximate the spatial variable and an Euler scheme to discretize the time derivatives. Error estimates are derived on the approximate solutions, from which the linear convergence of the algorithm is deduced under suitable regularity conditions. Finally, three two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the accuracy and the behaviour of the scheme

Competition between local potentials and attractive particle-particle interactions in superlattices

Naturally occuring or man-made systems displaying periodic spatial modulations of their properties on a nanoscale constitute superlattices. Such modulated structures are important both as prototypes of simple nanotechnological devices and as particular examples of emerging spatial inhomogeneity in interacting many-electron systems. Here we investigate the effect different types of modulation of the system parameters have on the ground-state energy and the charge-density distribution of the system. The superlattices are described by the inhomogeneous attractive Hubbard model, and the calculations are performed by density-functional and density-matrix renormalization group techniques. We find that modulations in local electric potentials are much more effective in shaping the system's properties than modulations in the attractive on-site interaction. This is the same conclusions we previously (Phys. Rev. B 71, 125130) obtained for repulsive interactions, suggesting that it is not an artifact of a specific state, but a general property of modulated structures.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Comparison of DEM generated from different data source: Sauce Corto basin, Ventania System, Argentina

La distribución espacial de altitudes de un DEM define la topografía y de él se derivan atributos de interés para la modelación ambiental. En la cuenca del arroyo Sauce Corto los procesos de inundación y anegamiento constituyen un peligro para la población y sus actividades. La modelación hidrológica-hidráulica para el análisis de la problemática requiere de un DEM como base. Para el área de estudio se dispone de DEM generados desde fuentes diversas y es deseable conocer sus diferencias a fin de efectuar una selección adecuada. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo es comparar un DTM generado a partir de cartografía a escala 1:50.000 y los productos ASTER y SRTM en la cuenca del arroyo Sauce Corto. Se analizaron las diferencias altimétricas, de pendiente y orientación entre los DEM y se evaluaron mediante estadísticos de centralidad y dispersión. Se observa semejanza entre DTM y SRTM en términos altimétricos y morfológicos.The spatial distribution of a DEM altitude defined topography and attributes of interest he environmental modeling derived. In Sauce Corto basin flooding and waterlogging processes are a hazard to the population and its activities. Hydrologic-hydraulics modeling for the analysis of the problem, DEM is requires as base. For the study area are available DEM generated from various sources and it is desirable to know their differences in order to make a proper selection. Therefore, the aim of this work is to compare a DTM generated from 1:50.000 scale mapping and SRTM and ASTER products in the Sauce Corto basin. The topographical differences, slope and orientation between the DEM were analyzed and evaluated by statistical centrality and dispersion. Similarity between DTM and SRTM observed in altimetric and morphological terms.Fil: Campo, Alicia María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; ArgentinaFil: Gentili, Jorge Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Andrea Marcela. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentin

Construcción de un medio de comunicación especializado en periodismo digital sobre religión

94 páginas incluye diagramasEn este documento se detallan los antecedentes, el contexto y la descripción del proceso seguido para la construcción del prototipo del medio digital Credo Reports, especializado en periodismo de religión

Roots in Stone and Slavery Permanence, Mobility, and Empire in Seventeenth-Century Cartagena de Indias / by Ana María Silva Campo

Tesis de University of Michigan.This dissertation examines the strategies that institutions and individuals employed in order to establish themselves in the slave-trading port city of Cartagena de Indias. In doing so, it uncovers social, religious, economic, geographic, and increasingly racialized transformations that made Cartagena a sustainable and stable component of the Spanish empire during the seventeenth century. In 1610, when church officials arrived in Cartagena with a mandate to establish a new tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition, a fragile political and economic balance already prevailed. The inquisitors needed to carve out space to integrate the new tribunal into the existing system without upsetting local power groups. For this, the inquisitors employed a tactic that they described as “building authority day by day.” To avoid direct confrontation with existing power-holders the inquisitors applied confiscation of property gradually and selectively against people convicted of religious deviance. The first target for confiscation was a prosperous but socially vulnerable community of women of African descent whom inquisitors had declared guilty of “witchcraft.” By offering for sale confiscated real estate, which was located in a zone that was increasingly attractive to prosperous buyers, the Inquisition became integrated into the economic life of Cartagena and laid the foundations for the tribunal’s survival. Selective confiscations allowed inquisitors to secure the ground for later prosecuting members of the elite, especially Portuguese traders in African captives, suspected of practicing Judaism. The local power that the Inquisition had gradually attained allowed inquisitors to achieve some convictions and confiscations. However, the economic dynamics of the city--in which Portuguese traders had exclusive rights to trade in African captives through the asiento contracts--imposed limits to the Inquisition’s tactic. The inquisitors eventually acquitted most of the Portuguese traders and allowed many of them to remain in Cartagena. When the Portuguese asientos ended, Spanish migrants who had opened up space for themselves in Cartagena took control of the economic nodes that the Portuguese had previously dominated. Some Inquisition officials themselves profited from agricultural and commercial activities indispensable to the trade in African captives. Constrained by the physical limitations of a port city surrounded by water, members of the new commercial elite expanded their economic activities into the neighboring island of Getsemaní. Getsemaní was home to free and enslaved people of African descent who lived and worked in artisanal workshops, including noxious industries. Many residents of Cartagena described Getsemaní as an arrabal, or slum. Spanish newcomers seeking to become permanent residents of Getsemaní employed legal strategies to have those industries removed. For local officials, however, the economic benefits of the arrabal prevailed over arguments about the impropriety of unsavory enterprises. The economic survival of Cartagena required that such industries remain at the edges of the city’s physical boundaries. Against the colonial authorities’ interests, this liminal location allowed the communities of African descent that remained in Getsemaní to maintain connections with runaways from enslavement who had settled in the hinterlands. Fugitives themselves were sometimes able to maintain fragile freedoms in Getsemaní, passing unnoticed by people who took them to be “blacks from the forest” rather than “fugitive slaves.” The dynamics that made Cartagena a stable and self-sustaining city shaped the meanings of permanence for individuals of different backgrounds, including merchants who avoided conviction, notaries who drew revenue from forging documents, and fugitives from slavery who settled the forests surrounding Cartagena.

Formação de preço de venda em uma empresa comercial

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado para obtenção do grau de Bacharel no curso de Ciências Contábeis, da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC.Atualmente, o cenário de comércio de peças para máquinas agrícolas tem sido cada vez mais competitivo, e os gestores têm aumentado sua preocupação em manter a empresa no mesmo nível dos concorrentes. No setor comercial, é comum ter produtos e prestação de serviços com preços semelhantes, na qual acirra ainda mais a competitividade, e isso faz com que os administradores voltem suas atenções para redução de custos tanto nas aquisições e também no gerenciamento da organização. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar como é formado e qual é o custo dos produtos de uma empresa no comercio de peças industriais localizada em Criciúma/SC. Este estudo consiste em um trabalho científico para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa, observando os enquadramentos metodológicos que são de forma descritiva, qualitativa com estudo de caso e fonte de pesquisa com referências bibliográficas e pesquisa de campo. Para a realização deste trabalho as tipologias utilizadas foram as seguintes; descritiva, qualitativa, estudo de caso, análise documental e pesquisa bibliográfica. No estudo de caso apresenta-se os preços praticados pela entidade, cálculo para a formação de preço atual, proposta do mark-up e ponto de equilíbrio para múltiplos produtos. Com isso, pode-se concluir que a empresa não apresenta os resultados desejados, ou seja, não tendo o lucro esperado, para isso é necessário reduzir os custos ou aumentar as vendas

AUDIOVISUAL Y REGIÓN: otra historia en los estudios del arte latinoamericano

O presente artigo baseia-se na hipótese de que a história do documentário argentino é mais regional do que metropolitana, com pontos de produção espalhados por todo o país. Procura, portanto, contribuir para a discussão dos modos de pensar a inscrição territorial de diferentes manifestações artísticas. Com base em nossa própria pesquisa em torno do documentário audiovisual realizado em diferentes partes do país e do centro da província de Buenos Aires, em particular, consideramos as categorias de região e cidade média para problematizá-las e produzir uma síntese teórico-metodológica a fim de incluir, em futuros estudos artísticos, as experiências concretas pensadas, produzidas e consumidas nas províncias argentinas. AUDIOVISUAL AND REGION: other history of latin american art studiesThis article is based on the hypothesis that the history of Argentine documentary film is more regional than metropolitan, with production points scattered across the country. And thus aims to contribute to the discussion about artistic territorialities. Based on our own research on documentary films produced in different parts of the country and particularly in Buenos Aires province, we consider the categories of region and middle-sized city to problematize them produce and produce a theoretical-methodological synthesis that allows to include in future artistic studies the concrete experiences thought, produced and consumed in Argentine provinces.Key words: Audiovisual. Region. Middle-sized city. Documentary film. Art. AUDIOVISUEL ET REGION: autre histoire des etudes d’art latino-americainCet article se fonde sur l’hypothèse que l’histoire du film documentaire argentin est plus régionale que métropolitaine, avec des points de production dispersés à travers le pays. Et propose ainsi contribuer à la discussion sur la territorialité artistique. Sur la base de nos propres recherches sur l’audiovisuel documentaire réalisée dans différentes régions du pays et en particulier dans le centre de la province de Buenos Aires, nous considérons les catégories de région et de villes moyennes pour les problematiser et produire une synthèse théorique méthodologique aux fins d’inclure dans de futures études artistiques les expériences concrètes conçues, produites et consommées dans les provinces argentines.Mots clés: Audiovisuel. Région. Ville moyenne. Film documentaire. Art.

Aplicación de buenas prácticas pecuarias en la producción equina, criadero Loma Grande - departamento del Cauca

Desde hace varios años el sector equino en Colombia se ha desarrollado como uno de los entes de mayor importancia dentro de los sistemas de producción pecuaria, llegando incluso a contar con una línea genética nacional de alto valor económico y de importancia competitiva dentro de dicho mercado, es por ello que se procede a realizar una visita al criadero equino Loma Grande, ubicado al sur occidente colombiano, en el municipio de Santander de Quilichao dedicado a la producción equina, donde mediante una exhaustiva revisión de los componentes que intervienen en la certificación de buenas prácticas en la producción equina, podemos observar que el criadero cumple a cabalidad con cada uno de los ítems propuestos en la lista de chequeo autorizada por el ICA, lo que nos indica un excelente manejo dentro del sistema de producción.For several years the equine sector in Colombia has developed as one of the most important entities within livestock production systems, even having a national genetic line of high economic value and competitive importance within said market. That is why we proceed to make a visit to the Loma Grande equine farm, located in the south west of Colombia, in the municipality of Santander de Quilichao dedicated to equine production, where through an exhaustive review of the components involved in the certification of good practices in equine production, we can observe that the kennel fully complies with each of the items proposed in the checklist authorized by the ICA, which indicates excellent management within the production system

Aspectos biologicos e manejo integrado de Sternechus subsignatus na cultura da soja.

Aspectos biologicos e comportamentais; Distribuicao estacional; Danos; Manejo integrado; Rotacao de culturas; Controle na cultura-armadilha; Controle mecanico; Controle quimico; Epoca de semeadura; Preparo do solo.bitstream/item/195522/1/CT-22.pd