Estimating the abundance of clustered and cryptic marine macro-invertebrates in the Galápagos with particular reference to sea cucumbers

Estimating the abundance of marine macro-invertebrates is complicated by a variety of factors: 1) human factors, such as diver efficiency and diver error; and 2) biological factors, such as aggregation of organisms, crypsis, and nocturnal emergence behavior. Diver efficiency varied according to the detectability of an organism causing under-estimation of density by up to 50% in some species. All common species were aggregated at scales from 10-50 m. Transects need to be long enough to transcend the scale of patchiness to improve accuracy. Some species of sea urchins and sea cucumbers (pepinos) which are cryptic by day emerged at night so that daytime censuses underestimated their abundance by up to 10 times. In the sea cucumber fishery, estimates of abundance need to be made at the scale of the population, i.e. at hundreds of km. A strategy for this is proposed

The value of the MDR1 reversal agent PSC-833 in addition to daunorubicin and cytarabine in the treatment of elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in relation to MDR1 status at diagnosis

To determine whether MDR1 reversal by the addition of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor PSC-833 to standard induction chemotherapy would improve event-free survival (EFS), 419 untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) aged 60 years and older were randomized to receive 2 induction cycles of daunorubicin and cytarabine with or without PSC-833. Patients in complete remission were then given 1 consolidation cycle without PSC-833. Neither complete response (CR) rate (54% versus 48%; P = .22), 5-year EFS (7% versus 8%; P = .53), disease-free survival (DFS; 13% versus 17%; P = .06) nor overall survival (OS; 10% in both arms; P = .52) were significantly improved in the PSC-833 arm. An integrated P-gp score (IPS) was determined based on P-gp function and P-gp expression in AML cells obtained prior to treatment. A higher IPS was associated with a significantly lower CR rate and worse EFS and OS. There was no significant interaction between IPS and treatment arm with respect to CR rate and survival, indicating also a lack of benefit of PSC-833 in P-gp-positive patients. The role of strategies aimed at inhibitory P-gp and other drug-resistance mechanisms continues to be defined in the treatment of patients with AML

Structure And Floristic Similarities Of Upper Montane Forests In Serra Fina Mountain Range, Southeastern Brazil

The upper montane forests in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have an unusual and discontinuous geographic distribution at the top of the Atlantic coastal mountain ranges. To describe the floristic composition and structure of the Atlantic Forest near its upper altitudinal limit in southeastern Brazil, 30 plots with 10 × 10 m were installed in three forest sites between 2,200 and 2,300 m.a.s.l. at Serra Fina. The floristic composition and phytosociological structure of this forest were compared with other montane and upper montane forests. In total, 704 individuals were included, belonging to 24 species, 15 families, and 19 genera. Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae, and Cunoniaceae were the most important families, and Myrsine gardneriana, Myrceugenia alpigena, Weinmannia humilis, and Symplocos corymboclados were the most important species. The three forest sites revealed differences in the abundance of species, density, canopy height, and number of stems per individual. The upper montane forests showed structural similarities, such as lower richness, diversity, and effective number of species, and they tended to have higher total densities and total dominance per hectare to montane forests. The most important species in these upper montane forests belong to Austral–Antartic genera or neotropical and pantropical genera that are typical of montane areas. The high number of species shared by these forests suggests past connections between the vegetation in southern Brazilian high-altitude areas.2915872Abe, N., Yamada, T., Variation in allometry and tree architecture among Symplocos species in a Japanese warm-temperate forest (2008) Journal of Plant Research, 121, pp. 155-162Archibald, S., Bond, W.J., Growing tall vs. growing wide: Tree architecture and allometry of Acacia karroo in forest, savanna, and arid environments (2003) Oikos, 102, pp. 3-14Arriaga, L., Types and causes of tree mortality in a tropical montane cloud forest of Tumaulipas, Mexico (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, pp. 623-636Ayres, M., Ayres, M., Jr., Ayres, D.L., Santos, A.S., (2007) BioEstat 5.0: Aplicações nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas, , Belém, Sociedade Civil MamirauáBehling, H., Late quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in Brazil (1998) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 99, pp. 143-156Behling, H., South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during Late Quaternary times: A synthesis (2002) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecolgy, 177, pp. 19-27Bellingham, P.J., Tanner, E.V.J., The influence of topography on tree growth, mortality, and recruitment in a tropical montane forest (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 378-384Bertoncello, R., Yamamoto, K., Meireles, L.D., Shepherd, G.J., A phytogeographic analysis of cloud forests and other forest subtypes amidst the Atlantic forest in south and southeast Brazil (2011) Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, pp. 3413-3433Bruijnzeel, L.A., Proctor, J., Hydrology and biogeochemistry of tropical montane cloud forest: What do we really know? 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São Paulo, Fapesp, HucitecDislich, R., Cersósimo, L., Mantovani, W., Análise da estrutura de fragmentos florestais no Planalto Paulistano - SP (2001) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 24, pp. 321-332Doumenge, C., Gilmour, D., Perez, M.R., Blockhus, J., Tropical montane cloud forests: Conservation status and management issues (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 24-37. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagFalkenberg, D.B., (2003) Matinhas nebulares e vegetação rupícola dos Aparados da Serra Geral (SC/RS), sul do Brasil, , PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilFalkenberg, D.B., Voltolini, J.C., The montane cloud forest in Southern Brazil (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 138-149. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) New York, Springer-VerlagFlenley, J.R., Cloud forest, the Massenerhebung effect, and ultraviolet insolation (1995) Tropical montane cloud forests, pp. 150-155. , Hamilton LS, Juvik JO, Scatena FN. (eds.) 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Further Experimental Studies of Two-Body Radiative \Upsilon Decays

Continuing our studies of radiative Upsilon(1S) decays, we report on a search for Upsilon to gamma eta and Upsilon to gamma f_{J}(2220) in 61.3 pb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} data taken with the CLEO II detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring. For the gamma eta search the three decays of the eta meson to pi^{+}pi^{-}pi^{0}, pi^{0}pi^{0}pi^{0}, and gamma gamma were investigated. We found no candidate events in the two (3\pi)^{0} modes and no significant excess over expected backgrounds in the gamma gamma mode to set a limit on the branching fraction of B(Upsilon to gamma eta) < 2.1 x 10^{-5} at 90% C.L. The three charged two-body final states h h-bar (h = pi^{+}, K^{+}, p) were investigated for f_{J}(2220) production, with one, one, and two events found, respectively. Limits at 90% C.L. of B(\Upsilon to gamma f_{J}) x B(f_{J} to h h-bar) ~ 1.5 x 10^{-5} have been set for each of these modes. We compare our results to measurements of other radiative Upsilon decays, to measurements of radiative J/psi decays, and to theoretical predictions.Comment: 19 pages postscript, also available through http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLNS, submitted to Physical Review

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Are markers of inflammation more strongly associated with risk for fatal than for nonfatal vascular events?

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt; Circulating inflammatory markers may more strongly relate to risk of fatal versus nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, but robust prospective evidence is lacking. We tested whether interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen more strongly associate with fatal compared to nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods and Findings:&lt;/b&gt; In the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), baseline inflammatory markers in up to 5,680 men and women aged 70-82 y were related to risk for endpoints; nonfatal CVD (i.e., nonfatal MI and nonfatal stroke [n = 672]), fatal CVD (n = 190), death from other CV causes (n = 38), and non-CVD mortality (n = 300), over 3.2-y follow-up. Elevations in baseline IL-6 levels were significantly (p = 0.0009; competing risks model analysis) more strongly associated with fatal CVD (hazard ratio [HR] for 1 log unit increase in IL-6 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.12) than with risk of nonfatal CVD (1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31), in analyses adjusted for treatment allocation. The findings were consistent in a fully adjusted model. These broad trends were similar for CRP and, to a lesser extent, for fibrinogen. The results were also similar in placebo and statin recipients (i.e., no interaction). The C-statistic for fatal CVD using traditional risk factors was significantly (+0.017; p&lt;0.0001) improved by inclusion of IL-6 but not so for nonfatal CVD events (p = 0.20).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; In PROSPER, inflammatory markers, in particular IL-6 and CRP, are more strongly associated with risk of fatal vascular events than nonfatal vascular events. These novel observations may have important implications for better understanding aetiology of CVD mortality, and have potential clinical relevance.&lt;/p&gt

Leptin Predicts Diabetes but Not Cardiovascular Disease: Results from a large prospective study in an elderly population

OBJECTIVE—To clarify the association of circulating levels of leptin with risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and new-onset diabetes in men and women

Floristic variations in a woody plant community along a trail in a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The opening and use of a trail can modify abiotic factors along its route and in the closer surroundings. These changes can be verified by floristic changes of vegetation. This study evaluated a possible influence of a trail on the woody vegetation (DBH ³ 2.5 cm, except lianas) in a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (20º45'S and 42º51'W). Ten plots were sampled in an area near a trail and 10 other plots in the forest interior, totaling 718 individuals. Cluster (WPGMA) and ordination (DCA) analysis suggest that it may be a certain degree of influence of the trail on vegetation, although some results were intriguing. Further studies may be added to this in order to establish, in the future, environmental policies that take this source of interference with native ecosystems into account

NATURAL REGENERATION STRATUM AS AN INDICATOR OF RESTORATION IN AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATION FOR MINING LIMESTONE, MUNICIPALITY OF BARROSO, MG, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a forest under restoration process, which belongs to the company Holcim Brasil S/A, in the municipality of Barroso, state of Minas Gerais (21º00'to 22º00'S and 43º00' to 44º00'W), where 40 plots (2 x 2 m) were set, spaced at 10 m, forming eight strata parallel to the watercourse present in the area. Floristic composition and natural regeneration stratum were characterized, and the formed strata allowed evaluating whether the riparian vegetation and watercourse influence on the local regeneration. It was found 162 individuals of 13 families, 18 genera and 22 species, and 10,125 individuals/ha were estimated. Successional classes from pioneer and early secondary and zoochory dispersion syndrome prevailed among species and individuals. The watercourse and riparian vegetation did not exercise significant influence (p> 0.05) on the number of species and regenerating individuals among the different strata of the forest. The diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H') and equability of Pielou (J') were 2.691 and 0.870, respectively. The species Psidium guajava and Myrtaceae families presented the highest VI (value of importance). Natural regeneration analysis showed the low floristic diversity in the area, suggesting that corrective management actions should be adopted