ADIÇÃO DE LACTASE NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO FISICO-QUÍMICA, MICROBIOLÓGICA E SENSORIAL DE IOGURTE DE LEITE DE CABRA

Yogurt is one of the most consumed dairy products in the world and can be produced from cow, sheep or goat milk. Goat milk has important nutritional and digestive properties, however for yogurt production its gel is weak and susceptible to syneresis. This study evaluated the feasibility of using goat milk in the preparation of low lactose yoghurt. The evaluated treatments comprised lactase levels: 0; 0.4 and 0.8g / l milk. After manufacture, these were stored at 4 ºC for 21 days. The experimental design was a 3x4 factorial (3 lactase levels x 4 days of storage). The acidity, pH, chemical composition, lactic acid bacteria count and texture were evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. Analyzes of the sensory characteristics and purchase intention of the product were performed. Except for pH, lactic acid bacterial count and physical characteristics, the other chemical characteristics were influenced by the inclusion of lactase (p<0.05). Sensorially, there was an improvement in yogurt quality when 0.4g lactase / L of milk was included. In contrast, over time there was a reduction in acidity values, an increase in pH and a quadratic response to the bacterial count, as well as an improvement in product elasticity. There was a reduction in lactose levels from the inclusion of the enzyme, in addition to the fact that the product had a high acceptance rate by consumers, which makes goat milk, and especially yogurt, an alternative for the lactase deficient consumer.Iogurte é um dos derivados lácteos mais consumidos no mundo, podendo ser produzido a partir de leite de vaca, ovelha ou cabra. O leite de cabra apresenta importantes propriedades nutricionais e digestivas, entretanto para produção de iogurte o seu gel apresenta-se fraco e susceptível a sinérese. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade da utilização do leite de cabra na elaboração de iogurtes com baixos teores de lactose. Os tratamentos avaliados compreenderam níveis de lactase: 0; 0,4 e 0,8 g/L de leite. Após a fabricação, estes foram armazenados a 4 ºC por 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3x4 (3 níveis de lactase x 4 dias de armazenamento). Foram avaliadas a acidez, pH, composição química, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e textura aos 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias. Realizaram-se análises das características sensoriais e de intenção de compra do produto. Com exceção do pH, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e características físicas, as demais características químicas foram influenciadas pela inclusão da lactase (p<0,05). Sensorialmente, houve uma melhora na qualidade do iogurte quando da inclusão de 0,4 g lactase/L de leite. Em contrapartida, ao longo do tempo houve uma redução nos valores de acidez, aumento do pH e uma resposta quadrática para a contagem bacteriana, além de melhora na elasticidade do produto. Houve redução nos teores de lactose a partir da inclusão da enzima, além do produto ter apresentado alto índice de aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, o que torna o leite de cabra, e, sobretudo o iogurte, uma alternativa para o consumidor lactase deficiente

Epidemiological and microbiological aspects of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients during radiotherapy / Aspectos epidemiológicos e microbiológicos da mucosite oral em pacientes com câncer na região de cabeça e pescoço durante a radioterapia

This cross-sectional study evaluated epidemiological and nutritional aspects as well as the microbial groups isolated from head and neck cancer patients, in the presence of oral mucositis. Three samplings were performed at baseline (jugal mucosa), on the 20th radiotherapy session and on the last day of treatment, over oral mucositis lesions, if present. The sample was composed of 22 patients, mostly men (81.8%) and with a median age of 58.1(±12.7) years, 95% of them had concomitant smoking and drinking habits and 40.9% were edentulous. Body mass index values decreased during treatment and were statistically significant over time. During the study, there was a decline in Gram-positive cocci and an increase in Gram-negative rods. The recovery of yeast species increased along the study period. Isolation of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (44.3%) and those related to nosocomial infections (50.0%) was observed. Our findings suggested that there was a reduction in the indigenous oral microbiota and an increase in opportunistic species. The understanding of the microbial content of oral mucositis lesions as well as the clinical and nutritional aspects of head and neck cancer patients may contribute to a better oriented treatment. This cross-sectional study evaluated epidemiological and nutritional aspects as well as the microbial groups isolated from head and neck cancer patients, in the presence of oral mucositis. Three samplings were performed at baseline (jugal mucosa), on the 20th radiotherapy session and on the last day of treatment, over oral mucositis lesions, if present. The sample was composed of 22 patients, mostly men (81.8%) and with a median age of 58.1(±12.7) years, 95% of them had concomitant smoking and drinking habits and 40.9% were edentulous. Body mass index values decreased during treatment and were statistically significant over time. During the study, there was a decline in Gram-positive cocci and an increase in Gram-negative rods. The recovery of yeast species increased along the study period. Isolation of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (44.3%) and those related to nosocomial infections (50.0%) was observed. Our findings suggested that there was a reduction in the indigenous oral microbiota and an increase in opportunistic species. The understanding of the microbial content of oral mucositis lesions as well as the clinical and nutritional aspects of head and neck cancer patients may contribute to a better oriented treatment.

Qualidade de vida e condições de saúde de idosos que buscam atendimento em uma clínica de fonoaudiologia / Quality of life and health conditions of elderly people looking for service in a phonoaudiology clinic

Introdução: A Participação Social, a Autonomia e a Independência são considerados pilares no âmbito da Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa, capazes de sustentar a Qualidade de Vida da população que envelhece. A atuação fonoaudiológica voltada à promoção da saúde e à integração social deve considerar as singularidades dos sujeitos e suas histórias de vida. Objetivo: analisar aspectos relacionados à QV e as condições de saúde fonoaudiológica, na singular perspectiva de idosos que buscam atendimento clínico na área da Fonoaudiologia. Método: Participaram do estudo, vinte e uma pessoas idosas que buscavam atendimento fonoaudiológico, em uma clínica- escola, situada no Paraná. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de aplicação de questionário sobre o perfil sociodemográfico dos participantes e entrevista semiestruturada. Tal instrumento enfocou questões a respeito da opinião dos idosos sobre suas condições de saúde e qualidade de vida. Os dados constituídos pelo material linguístico- discursivo produzidos pelos participantes foram organizados e tratados por meio da Análise do Conteúdo. Resultados: os participantes apresentaram idades entre 61 e 84 anos, sendo a maioria formada por mulheres casadas, com escolaridade compatível com o ensino fundamental e com renda de até um salário mínimo. A principal queixa que apresentam vincula-se à perda auditiva. Entretanto, além de tal perda, atrelam o zumbido e dificuldades na deglutição como aspectos que intervêm negativamente na qualidade de vida, na medida em que prejudicam as relações interpessoais. Conclusão: para além de questões orgânicas, é necessário que o fonoaudiólogo considere o posicionamento do idosos, contribuindo para que se mantenham integrados à família e na comunidade em que estão inseridos. Além disso, esse profissional pode promover a participação ativa dos idosos na promoção da própria qualidade de vida. 

Adesão ao pré-natal nas unidades básicas de saúde pedro cavalcante e laranjeiras, Marabá-Pará / Adhesion to prenatal in the basic health units pedro cavalcante and orange, Marabá-Pará

O pré-natal é uma das ações de saúde desenvolvidas no país com o objetivo de garantir um período gestacional e um nascer saudável. Apesar disso, nota-se que altos índices de óbitos perinatais e maternos persistem, principalmente na região Norte do país. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a adesão ao pré-natal de usuárias das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), Pedro Cavalcante e Laranjeiras, Marabá-Pará, no período de 2016. Dessa maneira, tomou-se como referência dados a partir dos prontuários das gestantes e Ficha Perinatal. Foram analisados 402 prontuários, sendo 103 da UBS Pedro Cavalcante e 299 da UBS Laranjeiras e obteve-se as seguintes variáveis: idade, estado civil, escolaridade, paridade, idade gestacional de adesão ao pré-natal e o número de consultas. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se tratamento estatístico com a estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se entre as duas unidades a média de idade materna de 24.08, sendo que na UBS Pedro Cavalcante observou uma média de 23,87 e na UBS Laranjeiras de 24,16 – tendo na totalidade 27% (108) gestantes adolescentes e 73% (294) gestantes adultas. Além disso, observou-se a média de paridade de 1.23 filhos por mulher. Na UBS Pedro Cavalcante a adesão foi majoritariamente tardia (57%), enquanto na UBS Laranjeiras, um pouco mais da metade das gestantes no período analisado aderiram precocemente ao pré-natal (56%). Observou-se que, em ambas as unidades, a maioria das gestantes não tiveram um número de consultas adequado, tendo 90% de não adesão na unidade Pedro Cavalcante e 73% em Laranjeiras

Evaluating the temporal patterns of land use and precipitation under desertification in the semi-arid region of Brazil

The desertification process directly influences agricultural production and the maintenance of terrestrial life. Despite being an important agricultural centre, Brazil's semi-arid region is experiencing significant desertification. However, the relationship between land management and climate in this process is still poorly understood. This research was conducted in areas predominantly covered by the Caatinga Formation (62.2%), as well as agropastoral and pasture areas (29.9%). Our primary objective was to assess the land use change trajectories and land occupation patterns in the region while also analysing how vegetation and precipitation temporal patterns have changed from 1985 to 2019. The trends in vegetation and precipitation were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test. Land use and occupation patterns were analysed using segmented regression and Monte Carlo simulation for future forecasting in the period 2020–240 under different scenarios (pessimistic, conservative, and optimistic). The Mann-Kendall test indicated that the precipitation trends were not statistically significant. However, the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited a significant trend in areas near the São Francisco River, an important agricultural area. Land use and occupation showed breakpoints from 1990 onwards for most classes. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the Caatinga Formation will likely to remain the predominant vegetation class in the region for the next 21 years in all predicted scenarios. Agropastoral and pasture classes are projected to increase by 8% and 3%, respectively, while the area covered by native vegetation is expected to decrease by 7.5%. Furthermore, the predictions showed a decline in the rivers and lakes class, which may result in significant economic and social problems. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of land use change in the Brazilian semi-arid region and provide science-based information for environmental public policies.Peer reviewe

Professores e Alunos: o engendramento da violência da escola

The school violence engendering is partially analyzed, considering the violence production in the school environment. This is a bibliographic research with quantitative and qualitative approach. Sources: 77 theses and 15 dissertations carried out in Brazil (2007 to 2012). Data collection and organization: Content Analysis. Main reference: Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu. Results: the sources showed that Brazilian teachers participate effectively in the school violence engendering, contributing to violence production in the school environment. The students are the main victims. The teacher is less affected by physical and verbal violence. The symbolic power is the most perpetrated by the teacher against the student. The school also plays a major role in it.Analisa-se o engendramento de uma face da violência da escola, tendo em vista a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Pesquisa bibliográfica quanti-qualitativa. Fontes: 77 dissertações e 15 teses produzidas no Brasil (2007 a 2012). Coleta e organização dos dados: Análise de Conteúdo. Fundamentação base: Bernard Charlot e Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: as fontes apontaram que professores brasileiros são protagonistas na constituição da violência da escola, contribuindo para a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Os alunos são as principais vítimas dessa violência. O professor sofre menos violência física e verbal do que o aluno. A violência simbólica é a mais usada pelo professor contra o aluno. A escola também usa desse expediente

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data