Inclinations of Egyptian pyramids and finding of the divine essence

The aim of this research is discovery of astronomical reasons in orientation of slopes of Egyptian pyramids used as tombs for pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The article contains results of statistical analysis of change in inclination of slopes of the pyramids (3rd - 2nd millennia BC) depending on time of their building. The first year of the corresponding pharaoh's reign has been accepted, as usually it is considered that building of pyramids ones started during either the first or second year of the reign. On the base of the obtained results a conclusion has been drawn that the average annual change of the angle of slopes of pyramids was close to value of the precession of the equinoxes. The sides were directed to the Sun at culmination, but a day for this procedure was chosen by the acronical rising of some stars after the autumnal equinox. In the course of research days of heliacal and acronical risings of some mythologically important stars have been determined for the first year of pharaohs reign. Within framework of the suggested hypothesis, the received days have been compared with days when the Sun was at culmination at height equal to the angle of slopes of a corresponding pyramid. Such comparison has made possible to discover that the inclination of the slopes of the earliest pyramids was connected with acronical rising of star Betelgeuse that has been connected with Osiris cult. And, the inclination of slopes of pyramids built after the 3rd dynasty of pharaohs was connected with acronical rising of the star Aldebaran that has been connected with Horus cult. And, this choice of this or that star depended on aspiration of a pharaoh to emphasize significance of this or that elite group from Upper Egypt or his belonging to it. On the base of the evidences obtained in the course of research a conclusion about gradual deviation from stellar orientations and transition to solar orientations of pyramids is drawn. The sense of all these actions was ritual one, and not only to guarantee the ascension of the pharaoh to the sky after his death, but above all for sacralization of his power, finding of the divine essence, and maintenance of the Cosmic Order at the beginning of his reign

Social processes in ancient Europe and changes in the use of ore and alloys in metallurgical production

In archeometallurgy, the main trends in the development of ancient technologies are well studied. And, usually they are considered as two principal trends. The first is associated with the type of minerals used: native copper - oxidized minerals - sulfide minerals. The second trend is associated with the types of metal used: pure copper - arsenic and antimony-arsenic copper - tin bronze. On the basis of materials from Northern Eurasia, we demonstrated that both these trends were interrelated (Grigoriev, 2017). The transition to new types of raw materials caused the transition to new types of copper alloys. This was caused, for example, as in the case of the transition from arsenic alloys to tin, by that in the production of arsenic alloy, ore with additions of arsenic minerals was smelted. But after the following transition to richer ores from quartz or to sulphides, conditions were created in the furnace when arsenic evaporated, which made it impossible to produce alloyed metal. This caused the transition to tin alloys, as tin was alloyed directly with copper. In the long run, this system depended on socio-economic processes, since they stimulated the growth of metal consumption and the need to use other types of ores. Tin, whose deposits are very rare, provoked prerequisites for creating a wide network of trade and exchange. The task of this work was to study this system on the European material. The analysis showed that, in general, to Europe all the same regularities may be applied, which makes it possible to consider them as universal. There are some differences caused by the abundance of fahlores in Europe, which made it possible to produce antimony-arsenic alloys in some regions. Another feature is a higher level of economic development, compared with the Eurasian situation, and the proximity of the Eastern Mediterranean, where early civilizations arose rather early. As a result, a global network of trade and exchange was formed in Europe already by the Middle Bronze Age

Social processes in Ancient Eurasia and development of types of alloys in metallurgical production

The article is devoted to the main regularities in changes of types of alloying in the Eurasian Bronze Age. The aim of the article is to show the reasons and mechanisms of these changes. The article is based on researches by the author of the Eurasian Bronze Age slags which showed direct link of use of particular alloys with types of ore and gangue. Deviations from this rule are rare. Social processes stimulating expansion of metal consumption were a cornerstone of these changes. It led to change of the ore base that resulted in emergence of appropriate technologies of ore smelting, technologies and types of alloying and, eventually, morphology of metal artifacts. The mass transition to arsenic copper or to use of copper-arsenic ore became possible with transition from smelting rather pure pieces of malachite to smelting ore with fragments of ore-bearing rock. This type of alloying was possible in case of low-temperature smelting of oxidized ores. After the abrupt territorial expansion of metallurgical technologies and increase in amounts of metallurgical production at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, the mass use of ores from refractory rocks and coper-iron sulfides begins. It resulted in increase of smelting temperature and made impossible the alloys with arsenic because arsenic vaporized. Therefore a necessity to look for other alloying component was created. And it was tin. But, as its deposits were rare, specific conditions for its wide circulation and organization of trade and exchange network were necessary. Such conditions in Northern Eurasia were provided by migrations from east to west at first of the Seima-Turbino, and then of the Andronovo tribes. But the same processes took place in Europe and the Middle East, stimulating new social realities

Фармакокинетические исследования лекарственной формы нового стимулятора когнитивных функций мозга OSPL-502

The main pharmacokinetic parameters of a new stimulator of cognitive brain functions, OSPL – 502 have been determined: area under the concentration-time curve, elimination rate constant, half-elimination period, time to reach the maximum concentration, maximum concentration, volume distribution, total clearance and bioavailability of the dosage form. The main metabolites of the active substance of the dosage form of the new stimulator of cognitive functions OSPL – 502 have been analyzed. The data obtained predict the effects of the drug in humans relevant for further clinical investigation.Проведенное исследование фармакокинетических параметров лекарственной формы нового стимулятора когнитивных функций мозга OSPL-502 позволило определить основные фармакокинетические параметры (площадь под кривой “концентрация-время”; константа скорости элиминации; период полуэлиминации; время достижения максимальной концентрации; максимальная концентрация; объём распределения; общий клиренс). Определена биодоступность лекарственной формы. Проанализированы основные метаболиты действующего вещества лекарственной формы нового стимулятора когнитивных функций мозга OSPL-502. Полученные данные позволят спрогнозировать действие препарата у человека для дальнейшего клинического исследования

Mean first-passage time of surface-mediated diffusion in spherical domains

We present an exact calculation of the mean first-passage time to a target on the surface of a 2D or 3D spherical domain, for a molecule alternating phases of surface diffusion on the domain boundary and phases of bulk diffusion. The presented approach is based on an integral equation which can be solved analytically. Numerically validated approximation schemes, which provide more tractable expressions of the mean first-passage time are also proposed. In the framework of this minimal model of surface-mediated reactions, we show analytically that the mean reaction time can be minimized as a function of the desorption rate from the surface.Comment: to appear in J. Stat. Phy

Measurement of RudsR_{\text{uds}} and RR between 3.12 and 3.72 GeV at the KEDR detector

Using the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M $e^+e^-$ collider, we have measured the values of $R_{\text{uds}}$ and $R$ at seven points of the center-of-mass energy between 3.12 and 3.72 GeV. The total achieved accuracy is about or better than $3.3\%$ at most of energy points with a systematic uncertainty of about $2.1\%$. At the moment it is the most accurate measurement of $R(s)$ in this energy range

Search for narrow resonances in e+ e- annihilation between 1.85 and 3.1 GeV with the KEDR Detector

We report results of a search for narrow resonances in e+ e- annihilation at center-of-mass energies between 1.85 and 3.1 GeV performed with the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M e+ e- collider. The upper limit on the leptonic width of a narrow resonance Gamma(R -> ee) Br(R -> hadr) < 120 eV has been obtained (at 90 % C.L.)

Review of AdS/CFT Integrability, Chapter II.2: Quantum Strings in AdS5xS5

We review the semiclassical analysis of strings in AdS5xS5 with a focus on the relationship to the underlying integrable structures. We discuss the perturbative calculation of energies for strings with large charges, using the folded string spinning in an AdS3 subset of AdS5 as our main example. Furthermore, we review the perturbative light-cone quantization of the string theory and the calculation of the worldsheet S-matrix.Comment: 20 pages, see also overview article arXiv:1012.3982, v2: references to other chapters update

Measurement of main parameters of the \psi(2S) resonance

A high-precision determination of the main parameters of the \psi(2S) resonance has been performed with the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M e^{+}e^{-} collider in three scans of the \psi(2S) -- \psi(3770) energy range. Fitting the energy dependence of the multihadron cross section in the vicinity of the \psi(2S) we obtained the mass value M = 3686.114 +- 0.007 +- 0.011 ^{+0.002}_{-0.012} MeV and the product of the electron partial width by the branching fraction into hadrons \Gamma_{ee}*B_{h} = 2.233 +- 0.015 +- 0.037 +- 0.020 keV. The third error quoted is an estimate of the model dependence of the result due to assumptions on the interference effects in the cross section of the single-photon e^{+}e^{-} annihilation to hadrons explicitly considered in this work. Implicitly, the same assumptions were employed to obtain the charmonium leptonic width and the absolute branching fractions in many experiments. Using the result presented and the world average values of the electron and hadron branching fractions, one obtains the electron partial width and the total width of the \psi(2S): \Gamma_{ee} =2.282 +- 0.015 +- 0.038 +- 0.021 keV, \Gamma = 296 +- 2 +- 8 +- 3 keV. These results are consistent with and more than two times more precise than any of the previous experiments

The C-80 cyclotron system. Current status

The C-80 cyclotron system is intended to produce proton beams with an energy ranging from 40 up to 80 MeV and current up to 200 μA. The beams with the aforementioned parameters will be used for commercial production of a wide assortment of isotopes for medicine including radiation generators. In addition, creation of a special beamline to form homogeneous proton beams of ultra-low intensity (10⁷…10⁹) will allow the proton therapy of eye diseases and superficial oncological diseases as well as tests of radioelectronic components for radiation resistance to be performed. The equipment of the cyclotron and the first section of the beam transport system has been manufactured, tested at test facilities in the Efremov Institute, installed in the PNPI and made ready for acceptance tests.Циклотронный комплекс Ц-80 предназначен для получения протонных пучков с энергией 40…80 МэВ и током до 200 мкА. Пучки с такими параметрами будут использоваться для производства широкого спектра изотопов медицинского назначения, в том числе генераторов излучения, в коммерческих масштабах. Кроме того, создание специального тракта формирования гомогенных пучков протонов ультрамалой интенсивности (10⁷…10⁹) позволит осуществлять протонную лучевую терапию глаза и поверхностных форм онкологических заболеваний, а также проводить испытания радиоэлектронных изделий на радиационную стойкость. Оборудование циклотрона и первого участка системы транспортировки изготовлено и испытано на стендах НИИЭФА им. Д.В. Ефремова, смонтировано в ПИЯФ им. Б.П. Константинова и подготовлено для проведения приемосдаточных испытаний.Циклотронний комплекс Ц-80 призначений для отримання протонних пучків з енергією 40...80 МеВ і струмом до 200 мкА. Пучки з такими параметрами використовуватимуться для виробництва широкого спек-тра ізотопів медичного призначення, у тому числі генераторів випромінювання, в комерційних масштабах. Крім того, створення спеціального тракту формування гомогенних пучків протонів ультрамалої інтенсивності (10⁷…10⁹) дозволить здійснювати протонну променеву терапію ока і поверхневих форм онкологічних захворювань, а також проводити випробування радіоелектронних виробів на радіаційну стійкість. Устаткування циклотрона і першої ділянки системи транспортування виготовлене та випробуване на стендах НДІЕФА ім. Д.В. Єфремова, змонтовано в ПІЯФ ім. Б.П. Константинова і підготовлено для проведення приймальноздавальних випробувань