Studies of extended planetary atmospheres

There was a theoretical study of physical and chemical processes in the stratosphere, later broadened to include the mesosphere. Particular emphasis was laid on testing of proposed height profiles of the eddy diffusion coefficient against observed tracer data. Eventually the effort shifted to study of ozone time series in satellite data, and interpretation in terms of aeronomical processes. Since all this work is computer-intensive, the first year of funding also contributed to the acquisition of a powerful minicomputer system, in collaboration with several other faculty members. This proved to be highly successful and cost effective

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI PENYULUH DENGAN PELAKSANAAN PENYULUHAN DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA

ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATOR WITH EXTENSION IN THE DISTRICT MINAHASA. Extension workers has a strategic role in improving the welfare of farmers / ranchers. One of the factors that influence the success of the extension duties is the state socio-economic background or socio-economic characteristics of each extension. However, the extent of the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics with the implementation of the extension in Minahasa unknown. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of these characteristics with the execution of tasks with good extension. This study uses survey data collection on respondents extension and analyzed descriptively. The collected data are presented in tables cross between variables (education and experience) were observed and analyzed by looking at the distribution Trends. The results showed that the factor of higher education Bachelor (S1) tend to be better than not on the Bachelor in execution of duty. On the other hand experience of long-serving and who have served a long time showed relatively recent trend duty (< 20 years) is better than the longtime (> 20 years). As a conclusion that the social and economic characteristics based on the educational background related to the implementation of the tasks. The higher the education the better performance of its duties educator.   Keywords: Characteristics , Social Economy, Duties , Extensio

Thermal emission spectroscopy of the middle atmosphere

The general objective of this research is to obtain, via remote sensing, simultaneous measurements of the vertical distributions of stratospheric temperature, ozone, and trace constituents that participate in the catalytic destruction of ozone (NO(sub y): NO, NO2, NO3, HNO3, ClONO2, N2O5, HNO4; Cl(sub x): HOCl), and the source gases for the catalytic cycles (H2O, CH4, N2O, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CCl4, CH3Cl, CHF2Cl, etc.). Data are collected during a complete diurnal cycle in order to test our present understanding of ozone chemistry and its associate catalytic cycles. The instrumentation employed is an emission-mode, balloon-borne, liquid-nitrogen-cooled Michelson interferometer-spectrometer (SIRIS), covering the mid-infrared range with a spectral resolution of 0.020 cm(exp -1). Cryogenic cooling combined with the use of extrinsic silicon photoconductor detectors allows the detection of weak emission features of stratospheric gaseous species. Vertical distributions of these species are inferred from scans of the thermal emission of the limb in a sequence of elevation angles. The fourth SIRIS balloon flight was carried out from Palestine, Texas on September 15-16, 1986 with 9 hours of nighttime data (40 km). High quality data with spectral resolution 0.022 cm(exp -1), were obtained for numerous limb sequences. Fifteen stratospheric species have been identified to date from this flight: five species from the NO(sub y) family (HNO3, NO2, NO, ClONO2, N2O5), plus CO2, O3, H2O, N2O, CH4, CCl3F, CCl2F2, CHF2Cl, CF4, and CCl4. The nighttime values of N2O5, ClONO2, and total odd nitrogen have been measured for the first time, and compared to model results. Analysis of the diurnal variation of N2O5 within the 1984 and 1986 data sets, and of the 1984 ClONO2 measurements, were presented in the literature. The demonstrated ability of SIRIS to measure all the major NO(sub y) species, and therefore to determine the partitioning of the nitrogen family over a continuous diurnal cycle, is a powerful tool in the verification and improvement of photochemical modeling

ANALISIS KEUNTUNGAN USAHA TERNAK BABI DI KECAMATAN TOMOHON BARAT KOTA TOMOHON (Studi Kasus Pada Usaha Milik Bapak Okny Mende)

PROFIT ANALYSIS OF PIG FARMING IN WEST TOMOHON DISTRICT TOMOHON CITY. (Case Study On Mr. Okny Mende's Business. The goal of this study was to investigate profit  of pig farming  in West Tomohon  District Survey method was performed on Mr Okny Mende’s farming  in Tara Tara 2 Village West Tomohon District bycase study. The pig farmers’ challenge in the production process was the high cost of production. The increase of cost  production without profit tend to be problem for farmers because input material (production costs) was very important factors in the livestock business. The Pig farming business has the potential for development in the City of Tomohon due to investment in this business does not require large costs and land, besides that the return on capital is relatively faster and although the development of pig agribusiness is limited due to socio-cultural factors, but in North Sulawesi especially Tomohon City has good prospects because of high demand of local market and the surrounding area, and there are no socio-cultural constraints. The pig farm business located in Taratara Dua Sub-District, West Tomohon District is owned by Mr. Okny Mende's family, which is a nursery business by selling weaned piglets. Results of this study  shown that the average total cost incurred per period of production  as much as IDR  38.334.531. While revenue per period of production was IDR. 68.400.000. The profit per production period was IDR. 30.065.469

MIPAS detection of cloud and aerosol particle occurrence in the UTLS with comparison to HIRDLS and CALIOP

Satellite infrared emission instruments require efficient systems that can separate and flag observations which are affected by clouds and aerosols. This paper investigates the identification of cloud and aerosols from infrared, limb sounding spectra that were recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), a high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometer on the European Space Agency's (ESA) ENVISAT (Now inoperative since April 2012 due to loss of contact). Specifically, the performance of an existing cloud and aerosol particle detection method is simulated with a radiative transfer model in order to establish, for the first time, confident detection limits for particle presence in the atmosphere from MIPAS data. The newly established thresholds improve confidence in the ability to detect particle injection events, plume transport in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and better characterise cloud distributions utilising MIPAS spectra. The method also provides a fast front-end detection system for the MIPClouds processor; a processor designed for the retrieval of macro- and microphysical cloud properties from the MIPAS data. <br><br> It is shown that across much of the stratosphere, the threshold for the standard cloud index in band A is 5.0 although threshold values of over 6.0 occur in restricted regimes. Polar regions show a surprising degree of uncertainty at altitudes above 20 km, potentially due to changing stratospheric trace gas concentrations in polar vortex conditions and poor signal-to-noise due to cold atmospheric temperatures. The optimised thresholds of this study can be used for much of the time, but time/composition-dependent thresholds are recommended for MIPAS data for the strongly perturbed polar stratosphere. In the UT, a threshold of 5.0 applies at 12 km and above but decreases rapidly at lower altitudes. The new thresholds are shown to allow much more sensitive detection of particle distributions in the UTLS, with extinction detection limits above 13 km often better than 10<sup>−4</sup> km<sup>−1</sup>, with values approaching 10<sup>−5</sup> km<sup>−1</sup> in some cases. <br><br> Comparisons of the new MIPAS results with cloud data from HIRDLS and CALIOP, outside of the poles, establish a good agreement in distributions (cloud and aerosol top heights and occurrence frequencies) with an offset between MIPAS and the other instruments of 0.5 km to 1 km between 12 km and 20 km, consistent with vertical oversampling of extended cloud layers within the MIPAS field of view. We conclude that infrared limb sounders provide a very consistent picture of particles in the UTLS, allowing detection limits which are consistent with the lidar observations. Investigations of MIPAS data for the Mount Kasatochi volcanic eruption on the Aleutian Islands and the Black Saturday fires in Australia are used to exemplify how useful MIPAS limb sounding data were for monitoring aerosol injections into the UTLS. It is shown that the new thresholds allowed such events to be much more effectively derived from MIPAS with detection limits for these case studies of 1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> km<sup>−1</sup> at a wavelength of 12 μm

Insights into 3D cloud radiative transfer effects for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory

Clouds impose radiance perturbations upon Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2)-measured spectra. The Spherical Harmonic Discrete Ordinate radiative transfer Method (SHDOM) code is applied in both idealized bar cloud and scene-specific calculations of 1D and 3D radiances in order to understand 3D cloud effects for a wide range of gas vertical optical depths and solar- and sensor-viewing geometries for ocean and land scenes. SHDOM calculations for 36 scenes over the Amazon and the Pacific are co-analyzed with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiance-based cloud distance data and the OCO-2 Lite file rawXCO2 for both quality flag =0 (QF0; best quality) and quality flag =1 (QF1; poor quality) data. SHDOM calculations of the ocean and land scenes indicate that the 1D / 3D radiance intensity ratios and rawXCO2 decrease concurrently as the nearest-cloud distance decreases towards zero, especially for the ocean glint QF1 data, which provide the clearest evidence of 3D cloud effects in OCO-2 retrievals. Yearly analysis of OCO-2 O2 A-band continuum radiances indicate that 3D cloud-brightening events are predominant over cloud-shadowing events; therefore, 1D / 3D intensity ratios are predominantly less than unity. Bias corrected (bcXCO2) at cloud distances between 0 and 20 km are calculated for 20∘ latitude bands for 2015–2018. These zonal averages are used to calculate 3D-cloud-effect biases for bcXCO2 data (with a positive bias indicating that OCO-2 underestimates bcXCO2). Averages of 3D-cloud-effect biases, weighted by the number of Lite file data points in each of the nearest-cloud distance bins, in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, are 0.16 (1.31) and 0.26 (1.41) ppm (parts per million), respectively, over the ocean, and −0.13 (0.51) and −0.08 (0.47) ppm over land for QF0 (QF1) data.</p

A Clinically Relevant Method of Analyzing Continuous Change in Robotic Upper Extremity Chronic Stroke Rehabilitation

Background. Robots designed for rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke facilitate high rates of repetition during practice of movements and record precise kinematic data, providing a method to investigate motor recovery profiles over time. Objective. To determine how motor recovery profiles during robotic interventions provide insight into improving clinical gains. Methods. A convenience sample (n = 22), from a larger randomized control trial, was taken of chronic stroke participants completing 12 sessions of arm therapy. One group received 60 minutes of robotic therapy (Robot only) and the other group received 45 minutes on the robot plus 15 minutes of translation-to-task practice (Robot + TTT). Movement time was assessed using the robot without powered assistance. Analyses (ANOVA, random coefficient modeling [RCM] with 2-term exponential function) were completed to investigate changes across the intervention, between sessions, and within a session. Results. Significant improvement (P < .05) in movement time across the intervention (pre vs post) was similar between the groups but there were group differences for changes between and within sessions (P < .05). The 2-term exponential function revealed a fast and slow component of learning that described performance across consecutive blocks. The RCM identified individuals who were above or below the marginal model. Conclusions. The expanded analyses indicated that changes across time can occur in different ways but achieve similar goals and may be influenced by individual factors such as initial movement time. These findings will guide decisions regarding treatment planning based on rates of motor relearning during upper extremity stroke robotic interventions

Aliskiren, enalapril, or aliskiren and enalapril in heart failure

BACKGROUND Among patients with chronic heart failure, angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization, but the role of a renin inhibitor in such patients is unknown. We compared the ACE inhibitor enalapril with the renin inhibitor aliskiren (to test superiority or at least noninferiority) and with the combination of the two treatments (to test superiority) in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction. METHODS After a single-blind run-in period, we assigned patients, in a double-blind fashion, to one of three groups: 2336 patients were assigned to receive enalapril at a dose of 5 or 10 mg twice daily, 2340 to receive aliskiren at a dose of 300 mg once daily, and 2340 to receive both treatments (combination therapy). The primary composite outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 36.6 months, the primary outcome occurred in 770 patients (32.9%) in the combination-therapy group and in 808 (34.6%) in the enalapril group (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.03). The primary outcome occurred in 791 patients (33.8%) in the aliskiren group (hazard ratio vs. enalapril, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.10); the prespecified test for noninferiority was not met. There was a higher risk of hypotensive symptoms in the combination-therapy group than in the enalapril group (13.8% vs. 11.0%, P=0.005), as well as higher risks of an elevated serum creatinine level (4.1% vs. 2.7%, P=0.009) and an elevated potassium level (17.1% vs. 12.5%, P&lt;0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic heart failure, the addition of aliskiren to enalapril led to more adverse events without an increase in benefit. Noninferiority was not shown for aliskiren as compared with enalapri

Influence of Convection and Aerosol Pollution on Ice Cloud Particle Effective Radius

Satellite observations show that ice cloud effective radius (r(sub e)) increases with ice water content (IWC) but decreases with aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Using least-squares fitting to the observed data, we obtain an analytical formula to describe the variations of r(sub e) with IWC and AOT for several regions with distinct characteristics of r(sub e) -IWC-AOT relationships. As IWC directly relates to convective strength and AOT represents aerosol loading, our empirical formula provides a means to quantify the relative roles of dynamics and aerosols in controlling r(sub e) in different geographical regions, and to establish a framework for parameterization of aerosol effects on r(sub e) in climate models