Radio Cores in Low-Luminosity AGN: ADAFs or Jets?

We have surveyed two large samples of nearby low-luminosity AGN with the VLA to search for flat-spectrum radio cores, similar to Sgr A* in the Galactic Center. Roughly one third of all galaxies are detected (roughly one half if HII transition objects are excluded from the sample), many of which have compact radio cores. Follow-up observations with the VLBA have confirmed that these cores are non-thermal in origin, with lower limits for the brightness temperatures around ~10^8 K. The brightest of these are resolved into linear structures. The radio spectral indices of the cores are quite flat (alpha~0), with no evidence for the highly inverted radio cores predicted in the ADAF model. Spectrum and morphology of the compact radio emission is typical for radio jets seen also in more luminous AGN. The emission-line luminosity seems to be correlated with the radio core flux. Together with the VLBI observations this suggests that optical and radio emission in at least half the low-luminosity Seyferts and LINERs are black hole powered. We find only a weak correlation between bulge luminosity and radio flux and an apparently different efficiency between elliptical and spiral galaxies for producing radio emission at a given optical luminosity.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, (ESO) LaTex, to appear in ``Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei'', ESO workshop, eds. L. Kaper, E.P.J. van den Heuvel, P.A. Woudt, Springer Verlag; also available at http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/hfalcke/publications.html#eso9

Clonal Dynamics and Evolution of Dormancy in the Leafy Hepatic "Lophozia silvicola" [Revised 10 September 2001]

Dead shoots of colonies of hepatic species "Lophozia silvicola" Buch are replaced by shoots developing from asexual propagules, the gemmae. Observations of two populations of "L. silvicola" showed a strong decreasing seasonal trend in germinability of the gemmae. We suggest that the non-germinating gemmae enter dormancy, and that the proportion of gemmae entering dormancy is season-specific. We assume that there are two types of gemmae, dormant and non-dormant and that only the dormant gemmae can survive during winter. Using a stochastic individual-based cellular automaton model, we investigated whether selection on season-specific dormancy fraction would lead to a decreasing proportion of germinating gemmae. Thus the germination schedule is the evolving trait in the model. Parameter estimates for the model were based on data collected from a population of "L. silvicola" on southern Finland over a three-year study period. In the simulations, the germination schedule shaped by evolutionary change was similar to the observed pattern. Thus the modeling results give support to the dormancy hypothesis. The qualitative pattern of decreasing germinability towards the end of the growing season is robust. Quantitative predictions are influenced by changes in parameters; for example, if winter mortality of shoots increases relative to mortality during the growing season, production of an increased fraction of dormant gemmae is favored, especially at the end of the season

Variable Linear Polarization from Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Hot Turbulent Accretion Flow

We report the discovery of variability in the linear polarization from the Galactic Center black hole source, Sagittarius A*. New polarimetry obtained with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at a wavelength of 1.3 mm shows a position angle that differs by 28 +/- 5 degrees from observations 6 months prior and then remains stable for 15 months. This difference may be due to a change in the source emission region on a scale of 10 Schwarzschild radii or due to a change of 3 x 10^5 rad m^-2 in the rotation measure. We consider a change in the source physics unlikely, however, since we see no corresponding change in the total intensity or polarized intensity fraction. On the other hand, turbulence in the accretion region at a radius ~ 10 to 1000 R_s could readily account for the magnitude and time scale of the position angle change.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ

Knowing how to present yourself by knowing how to recognize false true facts

The presentation of self is a specific kind of knowledge of how to appear and speak publicly in the face of inferences of what can be drawn about how you have appeared and what you have said. As a specific case of the latter, there are things you cannot say publicly even if-or, in particular, when-they are true. This can be called recognition of false true facts. Of course, it could be claimed that knowing false true facts is just knowledge of a type of fact which does not require know-how but plain knowledge. In this article, we try to show that knowing false true facts is part of the presentation of self, which is based on know-how of telling false true facts from other facts (i.e., what you should never say publicly, however true it might be). Regarding our data, we analyze a videotaped interaction among a group of young females discussing what would be different in life if they were men. In their group discussion, they make a distinction regarding how a woman could answer that question and what could not be answered. Through defining what women could publicly say, the group performatively defines how women can present themselves. In that way, the presentation of self is based on know-how of the distinction between false true facts and other facts. At least on occasion, there does exist gender-specific expertise that delimits public performance of gender.Peer reviewe

HST and VLA Observations of Seyfert 2 Galaxies: The Relationship between Radio Ejecta and the Narrow Line Region

We present HST/WFPC2 images, in narrow-band filters containing the [OIII] lambda5007 and Halpha+[NII] emission-lines and their adjacent continua, of a sample of seven Seyfert 2 galaxies selected on the basis of possessing either extended emission-line regions in ground-based observations or a hidden broad-line region in polarized light. Six of the galaxies have also been observed with the VLA to obtain radio maps with better quality and angular resolution than those in the literature. We find detailed correspondences between features in the radio and emission-line images that clearly indicate strong interactions between the radio jets and the interstellar medium. Such interactions play a major role in determining the morphology of the NLR, as the radio jets sweep up and compress ambient gas, producing ordered structures with enhanced surface brightness in line emission. In at least three galaxies, namely Mrk 573, ESO 428-G14, and Mrk 34, and perhaps also NGC 7212, off-nuclear radio lobes coincide with regions of low gaseous excitation (as measured by the [OIII]/(Halpha+[NII]) ratio). In Mrk 573 and NGC 4388, there is a clear trend for low brightness ionized gas to be of higher excitation. Those results may be understood if radio lobes and regions of high emission-line surface brightness are associated with high gas densities, reducing the ionization parameter. [OIII]/(Halpha+[NII]) excitation maps reveal bi-polar structures which can be interpreted as either the `ionization cones' expected in the unified scheme or widening, self-excited gaseous outflows. Only NGC 4388 and Mrk 573 show a clearly defined, straight-edged ionization cone.Comment: ApJ, in press, (AAS, emulateapj) LaTex, 22 pages, 8 PS figures, 3 GIF Figures, 2 JPEG color plates, preprint and ALL figures (at full resolution) as PS file available at http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/mpivlb/falcke/publications.html#seyfert

Habitat filtering determines spatial variation of macroinvertebrate community traits in northern headwater streams

Although our knowledge of the spatial distribution of stream organisms has been increasing rapidly in the last decades, there is still little consensus about trait-based variability of macroinvertebrate communities within and between catchments in near-pristine systems. Our aim was to examine the taxonomic and trait based stability vs. variability of stream macroinvertebrates in three high-latitude catchments in Finland. The collected taxa were assigned to unique trait combinations (UTCs) using biological traits. We found that only a single or a highly limited number of taxa formed a single UTC, suggesting a low degree of redundancy. Our analyses revealed significant differences in the environmental conditions of the streams among the three catchments. Linear models, rarefaction curves and beta-diversity measures showed that the catchments differed in both alpha and beta diversity. Taxon- and trait-based multivariate analyses also indicated that the three catchments were significantly different in terms of macroinvertebrate communities. All these findings suggest that habitat filtering, i.e., environmental differences among catchments, determines the variability of macroinvertebrate communities, thereby contributing to the significant biological differences among the catchments. The main implications of our study is that the sensitivity of trait-based analyses to natural environmental variation should be carefully incorporated in the assessment of environmental degradation, and that further studies are needed for a deeper understanding of trait-based community patterns across near-pristine streams

Variabilité structurale et physico-chimique des croûtes superficielles des sols de la vallée du Syr Daria (Kazakhstan)

International audienceToutes les régions arides et semi-arides sont le lieu de nombreux types de croûtes physiques et micro ou cryptobiologiques (Afrique, Israël, Australie, USA, Chili). Les micro horizons durs formés sur la surface du sol sont le résultat de processus naturels principalement l'impact des gouttes de pluies, le ruissellement et le dessèchement et anthropiques tel que l'irrigation et le travail du sol. Une prospection réalisée au Kazakhstan, en 2003, a démontré, pour la première fois l'existence d'un tel encroûtement sur les sols cultivés ou non de la vallée du Syr Daria. L'étude de ces croûtes fait apparaître leur extrême variabilité physique, chimique et microbiologique. Toutefois le milieu spécifique du Kazakhstan conduit à la formation de nombreuses variantes et même à celle de croûtes apparemment spécifiques. L'analyse en composantes principales fait apparaître que seulement 4 variables sont suffisantes pour expliquer la variabilité des sites (longitude, épaisseur et largeur des fentes et couvert végétal). Les trois premiers axes expliquent 92,7% de l'inertie totale des données. Le premier axe, climatique, explique 54,4% de la variance des échantillons et le second, physique, explique 27,7%. Les quatorze échantillons de croûtes étudiés sont très bien classés par ces quatre facteurs physiques, géographiques et biotiques (R=0,90). Les analyses au RX indiquent une forte salinité de ces croûtes qui croit vers l'ouest, à l'exemple des sols. Les images microscopiques (MEB et classique) montrent une forte hétérogénéité structurale avec des micropores variables d'un site à l'autre. Les mesures porosimétrique confirment bien cette variabilité qui traduit les caractéristiques spécifiques de cette région. Cette variabilité des croûtes confère aux champs une variabilité des conditions hydrologiques, géochimiques et d'érodibilité qui devront être prises en compte dans le cadre de réhabilitation des sols des périmètres irrigués comme dans le contrôle d'un pâturage rationnel. Ces premiers résultats montrent que les politiques d'aménagement des périmètres irrigués et des zones de parcours d'élevage doivent intégrer le rôle spécifique des diverses croûtes en fonction de l'importance de leur effet dans la stabilité du milieu. Pour identifier ce rôle, leur étude doit être entreprise de façon systématique car leur présence est généralisée et dominante. Pour ce faire il faut démarrer une étude des mécanismes d'encroûtement et de la salinisation pour la compréhension et la prédiction des processus de ce type de dégradation des différents agro/écosystèmes