Trade Restrictions and Trade Reversal: Lessons from the U.S.-Canada Herring Dispute

This paper analyzes international trade in value added products when free trade and perfect competition in the market for an intermediate product, such as raw fish, are the exception rather than the rule. Current evidence from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regarding disputes between countries, such as the V.S.-Canada dispute over trade in raw herring, suggests that bilateral trade in raw fish among major exporters of seafood products may not be completely free of structural and political barriers. The study presents models showing that restrictions on the exportation of raw fish from an exporting country can make possible monopsony behavior by fish processors in a rival exporting country and they outline the market behavior of the players under such circumstances. The analysis illustrates how, under such conditions, economic forces contribute to the creation of trade disputes. It further demonstrates how expansion of the demand for final product may, through trade reversal pressures, dilute the market power of the processor monopsony and make trade restriction policies irrelevant.roe herring, trade reversal, trade restrictions, monopsony, trade dispute, GATT, market imperfection, free trade, fishery management, comparative advantage reversal, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade,

Robust detection, isolation and accommodation for sensor failures

The objective is to extend the recent advances in robust control system design of multivariable systems to sensor failure detection, isolation, and accommodation (DIA), and estimator design. This effort provides analysis tools to quantify the trade-off between performance robustness and DIA sensitivity, which are to be used to achieve higher levels of performance robustness for given levels of DIA sensitivity. An innovations-based DIA scheme is used. Estimators, which depend upon a model of the process and process inputs and outputs, are used to generate these innovations. Thresholds used to determine failure detection are computed based on bounds on modeling errors, noise properties, and the class of failures. The applicability of the newly developed tools are demonstrated on a multivariable aircraft turbojet engine example. A new concept call the threshold selector was developed. It represents a significant and innovative tool for the analysis and synthesis of DiA algorithms. The estimators were made robust by introduction of an internal model and by frequency shaping. The internal mode provides asymptotically unbiased filter estimates.The incorporation of frequency shaping of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian cost functional modifies the estimator design to make it suitable for sensor failure DIA. The results are compared with previous studies which used thresholds that were selcted empirically. Comparison of these two techniques on a nonlinear dynamic engine simulation shows improved performance of the new method compared to previous technique

Method and apparatus for a cluster specific CSI feedback

Embodiment herein provide a method and system of reporting cluster specific CSI feedback by user equipment (UE) to a cloud system. The UE associates with the cloud using a biased association or an unbiased association. In a biased association, a ratio between the highest received power from a Macro BS and a Pico base station is determined by the UE and compared with a threshold (bias). If the ratio is greater than the bias, the UE associates with the Pico BS. The UE reports CSI for a set of dominant Macro BSs and Pico BSs within a cluster. The UE can report the IDs of the BSs which contribute to dominant interference caused by the BSs of neighboring clusters

Evaluation of self-medication prevalence, diagnosis and prescription in migraine in Kerman, Iran

Objective: To investigate different diagnosis aspects, prescribed drugs and self-medications of migraine in Iran. Methods: We selected 210 migraineurs from high school and university students in Kerman, Iran over a period of 6 months in 2002 by multistage randomized screening based on the International Headache Society criteria. We classified them into 2 groups on the basis of whether they had consulted a physician or not. We then evaluated the physician prescriptions, and prevalence of self-medications. Results: Only 49 of migraineurs consulted a physician, and only 53 were correctly diagnosed by physicians according to the International Headache Society criteria. Our study shows that 69 of general practitioners diagnoses were wrong. In spite of indications for prophylactic treatment, it was not prescribed in 76 of the patients, and 50 of the general practitioners prescribed it without any indications. Furthermore, 91 of patients used self-medication; Acetaminophen and Codeine were the most common. Conclusion: General practitioners' misdiagnosis and mismanagement of the migraineurs, and easy access to various drugs in Iran, have led to a high rate of self-medication. Self-medication with Codeine, with regard to its side effects, such as increase of secondary headaches and dependency is the major problem. Consequently, medical education systems, physician reevaluating methods, and the concept of self-medication among patients have to be revised

A Review of Systemic Biologics and Local Immunosuppressive Medications in Uveitis

Uveitis is one of the most common causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Local and/or systemic immunosuppression is often required to treat ocular inflammation in noninfectious uveitis. An understanding of safety and efficacy of these medications is required to individualize treatment to each patient to ensure compliance and achieve the best outcome. In this article, we reviewed the effectiveness of systemic biologic response modifiers and local treatments commonly used in the management of patients with noninfectious uveitis

Improved sensitivity RF photonics doppler frequency measurement system

An improved sensitivity Doppler frequency measurement system based on microwave photonics technology was demonstrated practically. The system employs a four-wave mixing effect to achieve broad radio-frequency (RF) frequency measurement. In addition, a lock-in amplification technique was utilized to achieve high-measurement sensitivity. The system is, thus, capable of Doppler frequency estimation of radar echoes with a carrier frequency up to 40 GHz and a power level as low as $-$35 dBm. © 2009-2012 IEEE

Reliability prediction for the vehicles equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and passive safety systems (PSS)

The human error has been reported as a major root cause in road accidents in today’s world. The human as a driver in road vehicles composed of human, mechanical and electrical components is constantly exposed to changing surroundings (e.g., road conditions, environment)which deteriorate the driver’s capacities leading to a potential accident. The auto industries and transportation authorities have realized that similar to other complex and safety sensitive transportation systems, the road vehicles need to rely on both advanced technologies (i.e., Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)) and Passive Safety Systems (PSS) (e.g.,, seatbelts, airbags) in order to mitigate the risk of accidents and casualties. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of ADAS as active safety systems as well as passive safety systems in road vehicles have been discussed. Also, this study proposes models that analyze the interactions between human as a driver and ADAS Warning and Crash Avoidance Systems and PSS in the design of vehicles. Thereafter, the mathematical models have been developed to make reliability prediction at any given time on the road transportation for vehicles equipped with ADAS and PSS. Finally, the implications of this study in the improvement of vehicle designs and prevention of casualties are discussed