1,746 research outputs found
Occupational lead neurotoxicity: Improvement in behavioural effects after reduction of exposure.
To evaluate critical exposure levels and the reversibility of lead neurotoxicity a group of lead exposed foundry workers and an unexposed reference population were followed up for three years. During this period, tests designed to monitor neurobehavioural function and lead dose were administered. Evaluations of 160 workers during the first year showed dose dependent decrements in mood, visual/motor performance, memory, and verbal concept formation. Subsequently, an improvement in the hygienic conditions at the plant resulted in striking reductions in blood lead concentrations over the following two years. Attendant improvement in indices of tension (20% reduction), anger (18%), depression (26%), fatigue (27%), and confusion (13%) was observed. Performance on neurobehavioural testing generally correlated best with integrated dose estimates derived from blood lead concentrations measured periodically over the study period; zinc protoporphyrin levels were less well correlated with function. This investigation confirms the importance of compliance with workplace standards designed to lower exposures to ensure that individual blood lead concentrations remain below 50 micrograms/dl
Superconducting Films for Absorber-Coupled MKID Detectors for Sub-Millimeter and Far-Infrared Astronomy
We describe measurements of the properties, at dc, gigahertz, and terahertz frequencies, of thin (10 nm) aluminum films with 10 ohm/{rm square}$ normal state sheet resistance. Such films can be applied to construct microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays for submillimeter and far-infrared astronomical applications in which incident power excites quasiparticles directly in a superconducting resonator that is configured to present a matched-impedance to the high frequency radiation being detected. For films 10 nm thick, we report normal state sheet resistance, resistance-temperature curves for the superconducting transition, quality factor and kinetic inductance fraction for microwave resonators made from patterned films, and terahertz measurements of sheet impedance measured with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. We compare properties with similar resonators made from niobium 600 nm thick
Force Distribution in a Granular Medium
We report on systematic measurements of the distribution of normal forces
exerted by granular material under uniaxial compression onto the interior
surfaces of a confining vessel. Our experiments on three-dimensional, random
packings of monodisperse glass beads show that this distribution is nearly
uniform for forces below the mean force and decays exponentially for forces
greater than the mean. The shape of the distribution and the value of the
exponential decay constant are unaffected by changes in the system preparation
history or in the boundary conditions. An empirical functional form for the
distribution is proposed that provides an excellent fit over the whole force
range measured and is also consistent with recent computer simulation data.Comment: 6 pages. For more information, see http://mrsec.uchicago.edu/granula
Ultrafast Raman laser mode-locked by nanotubes
We demonstrate passive mode-locking of a Raman fiber laser using a nanotube-based saturable absorber coupled to a net normal dispersion cavity. This generates highly chirped 500 ps pulses. These are then compressed down to 2 ps , with 1.4 kW peak power, making it a simple wavelength-versatile source for various applications
Patterns of subnet usage reveal distinct scales of regulation in the transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli
The set of regulatory interactions between genes, mediated by transcription
factors, forms a species' transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). By
comparing this network with measured gene expression data one can identify
functional properties of the TRN and gain general insight into transcriptional
control. We define the subnet of a node as the subgraph consisting of all nodes
topologically downstream of the node, including itself. Using a large set of
microarray expression data of the bacterium Escherichia coli, we find that the
gene expression in different subnets exhibits a structured pattern in response
to environmental changes and genotypic mutation. Subnets with less changes in
their expression pattern have a higher fraction of feed-forward loop motifs and
a lower fraction of small RNA targets within them. Our study implies that the
TRN consists of several scales of regulatory organization: 1) subnets with more
varying gene expression controlled by both transcription factors and
post-transcriptional RNA regulation, and 2) subnets with less varying gene
expression having more feed-forward loops and less post-transcriptional RNA
regulation.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, to be published in PLoS Computational Biolog
Models of stress fluctuations in granular media
We investigate in detail two models describing how stresses propagate and
fluctuate in granular media. The first one is a scalar model where only the
vertical component of the stress tensor is considered. In the continuum limit,
this model is equivalent to a diffusion equation (where the r\^ole of time is
played by the vertical coordinate) plus a randomly varying convection term. We
calculate the response and correlation function of this model, and discuss
several properties, in particular related to the stress distribution function.
We then turn to the tensorial model, where the basic starting point is a wave
equation which, in the absence of disorder, leads to a ray-like propagation of
stress. In the presence of disorder, the rays acquire a diffusive width and the
angle of propagation is shifted. A striking feature is that the response
function becomes negative, which suggests that the contact network is
mechanically unstable to very weak perturbations. The stress correlation
function reveals characteristic features related to the ray-like propagation,
which are absent in the scalar description. Our analytical calculations are
confirmed and extended by a numerical analysis of the stochastic wave equation.Comment: 32 pages, latex, 18 figures and 6 diagram
Large-scale structural organization of social networks
The characterization of large-scale structural organization of social
networks is an important interdisciplinary problem. We show, by using scaling
analysis and numerical computation, that the following factors are relevant for
models of social networks: the correlation between friendship ties among people
and the position of their social groups, as well as the correlation between the
positions of different social groups to which a person belongs.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, Revte
Geometric origin of mechanical properties of granular materials
Some remarkable generic properties, related to isostaticity and potential
energy minimization, of equilibrium configurations of assemblies of rigid,
frictionless grains are studied. Isostaticity -the uniqueness of the forces,
once the list of contacts is known- is established in a quite general context,
and the important distinction between isostatic problems under given external
loads and isostatic (rigid) structures is presented. Complete rigidity is only
guaranteed, on stability grounds, in the case of spherical cohesionless grains.
Otherwise, the network of contacts might deform elastically in response to load
increments, even though grains are rigid. This sets an uuper bound on the
contact coordination number. The approximation of small displacements (ASD)
allows to draw analogies with other model systems studied in statistical
mechanics, such as minimum paths on a lattice. It also entails the uniqueness
of the equilibrium state (the list of contacts itself is geometrically
determined) for cohesionless grains, and thus the absence of plastic
dissipation. Plasticity and hysteresis are due to the lack of such uniqueness
and may stem, apart from intergranular friction, from small, but finite,
rearrangements, in which the system jumps between two distinct potential energy
minima, or from bounded tensile contact forces. The response to load increments
is discussed. On the basis of past numerical studies, we argue that, if the ASD
is valid, the macroscopic displacement field is the solution to an elliptic
boundary value problem (akin to the Stokes problem).Comment: RevTex, 40 pages, 26 figures. Close to published paper. Misprints and
minor errors correcte
On the making and taking of professionalism in the further education workplace
This paper examines the changing nature of professional practice in English further education. At a time when neo-liberal reform has significantly impacted on this under-researched and over-market-tested sector, little is known about who its practitioners are and how they construct meaning in their work. Sociological interest in the field has tended to focus on further education practitioners as either the subjects of market and managerial reform or as creative agents operating within the contradictions of audit and inspection cultures. In challenging such dualism, which is reflective of wider sociological thinking, the paper examines the ways in which agency and structure combine to produce a more transformative conception of the further education professional. The approach contrasts with a prevailing policy discourse that seeks to re-professionalise and modernise further education practice without interrogating either the terms of its professionalism or the neo-liberal practices in which it resides
Predicting consumer biomass, size-structure, production, catch potential, responses to fishing and associated uncertainties in the world's marine ecosystems
Existing estimates of fish and consumer biomass in the world’s oceans are disparate. This creates uncertainty about the roles of fish and other consumers in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem processes, the extent of human and environmental impacts and fishery potential. We develop and use a size-based macroecological model to assess the effects of parameter uncertainty on predicted consumer biomass, production and distribution. Resulting uncertainty is large (e.g. median global biomass 4.9 billion tonnes for consumers weighing 1 g to 1000 kg; 50% uncertainty intervals of 2 to 10.4 billion tonnes; 90% uncertainty intervals of 0.3 to 26.1 billion tonnes) and driven primarily by uncertainty in trophic transfer efficiency and its relationship with predator-prey body mass ratios. Even the upper uncertainty intervals for global predictions of consumer biomass demonstrate the remarkable scarcity of marine consumers, with less than one part in 30 million by volume of the global oceans comprising tissue of macroscopic animals. Thus the apparently high densities of marine life seen in surface and coastal waters and frequently visited abundance hotspots will likely give many in society a false impression of the abundance of marine animals. Unexploited baseline biomass predictions from the simple macroecological model were used to calibrate a more complex size- and trait-based model to estimate fisheries yield and impacts. Yields are highly dependent on baseline biomass and fisheries selectivity. Predicted global sustainable fisheries yield increases ≈4 fold when smaller individuals (< 20 cm from species of maximum mass < 1kg) are targeted in all oceans, but the predicted yields would rarely be accessible in practice and this fishing strategy leads to the collapse of larger species if fishing mortality rates on different size classes cannot be decoupled. Our analyses show that models with minimal parameter demands that are based on a few established ecological principles can support equitable analysis and comparison of diverse ecosystems. The analyses provide insights into the effects of parameter uncertainty on global biomass and production estimates, which have yet to be achieved with complex models, and will therefore help to highlight priorities for future research and data collection. However, the focus on simple model structures and global processes means that non-phytoplankton primary production and several groups, structures and processes of ecological and conservation interest are not represented. Consequently, our simple models become increasingly less useful than more complex alternatives when addressing questions about food web structure and function, biodiversity, resilience and human impacts at smaller scales and for areas closer to coasts
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