Radial distribution of a single-pass amplified radiation in the active elements of CuBr lasers

The paper presents the results of study of single-pass amplified radiation distribution of copper bromide vapor laser active elements used in high-speed laser monitors. The possibility of modifying the profile of a single-pass amplified light beam by changing the copper bromide vapor concentration is demonstrated. This means of influence on the radiation profile seems to be easiest due to implementation by varying only one parameter of operation. Gaussian, ring-shaped or flat profiles can be achieved depending on the temperature of the containers with copper bromide. The diameter of the beam becomes narrower when increasing the concentration of copper bromide vapor. This feature is characteristic of the discharge tubes as small (diameter 2.5, length 5 cm) and large (diameter 5 cm, length 90 cm) active volume

Low Gravity Issues of Deep Space Refueling

This paper discusses the technologies required to develop deep space refueling of cryogenic propellants and low cost flight experiments to develop them. Key technologies include long term storage, pressure control, mass gauging, liquid acquisition, and fluid transfer. Prior flight experiments used to mature technologies are discussed. A plan is presented to systematically study the deep space refueling problem and devise low-cost experiments to further mature technologies and prepare for full scale flight demonstrations

Влияние сроков посева растений-доноров и концентрации 2,4-Д на чистоту образования продуктивных пыльников ячменя обыкновенного (Hordeum vulgare L.) в культуре пыльников in vitro

oai:oai.vestngau.elpub.ru:article/1549Creating dihaploid lines of agricultural plants is a labour-intensive but essential step in variety production in modern plant breeding. This stage allows significantly accelerate the process of creating new varieties of common barley and other crops. Barley digaploids are produced mainly by anther culture and microspore culture. The authors preferred anther culture in vitro. In the present study, the influence of climatic factors in the cultivation of donor plants on the yield of productive anthers at different sowing dates was established. The authors also identified the more stable culti- vars with a high anther production regardless of sowing date (Signal, Laureate and Eifel). Varieties showed the highest number of embryo-like structures formation at the first and third sowing dates (Zu Suren, Zu Zaza); and sorts with a high rate of productive anther formation at the second sowing date (Acha, Exploer) were identified. Different concentrations of 2,4-D in N6 medium on the frequency of embryogenesis and yield of productive anthers were studied. As a result of this study, the authors found that different concentrations of 2,4-D (1 mg/l and two mg/l) had no significant effect on the for- mation frequency of productive anthers in all the varieties studied. When the embryogenesis capacity of the cultivars was reviewed, all the samples were found to be positive in anther culture. However, the array Zu Suren had a significantly lower effective anthers yield than the samples Signal and Acha. As a result of correlation analysis, the authors found a close relationship between the length of the ear tube of donor plants and the frequency of formation of productive anthers (r = -0.69). A close relationship with the development of optimal microspore phase for the induction of androgenesis in anthers extracted from the ear tube with an average length of 6 cm was determined. This information can significantly speed up the selection of donor plants, but it is recommended to confirm the stage of microspore development microscopically for each new cultivar used.Создание дигаплоидных линий сельскохозяйственных растений является трудоемким, но важным этапом получения сортов в современной селекции растений, который позволяет существенно ускорить процесс создания новых сортов ячменя обыкновенного и других сельскохозяйственных культур. Дигаплоиды ячменя получают преимущественно с помощью культуры пыльников и культуры микроспор. Мы отдали предпочтение культуре пыльников in vitro. В настоящем исследовании установлено влияние климатических факторов при выращивании растений-доноров на выход продуктивных пыльников при разных сроках посева и определены более стабильные сорта, которые имели высокий выход продуктивных пыльников вне зависимости от срока посева (Сигнал, Лауреате и Эйфель), а также сорта, которые при первом и третьем сроке посева показали наи- высшее количество образования эмбриоподобных структур (Зу Сурен, Зу Заза) и сорта, которые при втором сроке посева имели высокую частоту образования продуктивных пыльников (Ача, Эксплоер). Изучено влияние разной концентрации 2,4-Д в среде N6 на частоту эмбриогенеза и выход продуктивных пыльников. В результате данного исследования нами было установлено, что разная концентрация 2,4-Д (1 мг/л и 2 мг/л) не оказывала достоверно значимого влияния на частоту образования продуктивных пыльников у всех изученных сортов. Изучая способность сортов к эмбриогенезу, установили, что все образцы давали положительный ответ в культуре пыльников, однако сорт Зу Сурен имеет достоверно более низкий выход продуктивных пыльников относительно образцов Сигнал и Ача. В результате корреляционного анализа выявлена тесная связь длины трубки колоса растений-доноров и частоты образования продуктивных пыльников (r = -0,69), что связано с развитием оптимальной фазы микроспор для индукции андрогенеза в пыльниках, извлеченных из трубки колоса со средней длиной 6 см. Данная информация может значительно ускорить отбор растений-доноров, однако рекомендуется подтверждать стадию развития микроспор микроскопически для каждого нового используемого сорта

The impact of oxygen on the transcriptome of recombinant S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris - a comparative analysis

Background: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris are two of the most relevant microbial eukaryotic platforms for the production of recombinant proteins. Their known genome sequences enabled several transcriptomic profiling studies under many different environmental conditions, thus mimicking not only perturbations and adaptations which occur in their natural surroundings, but also in industrial processes. Notably, the majority of such transcriptome analyses were performed using non-engineered strains. In this comparative study, the gene expression profiles of S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, a Crabtree positive and Crabtree negative yeast, respectively, were analyzed for three different oxygenation conditions (normoxic, oxygen-limited and hypoxic) under recombinant protein producing conditions in chemostat cultivations. Results: The major differences in the transcriptomes of S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris were observed between hypoxic and normoxic conditions, where the availability of oxygen strongly affected ergosterol biosynthesis, central carbon metabolism and stress responses, particularly the unfolded protein response. Steady state conditions under low oxygen set-points seemed to perturb the transcriptome of S. cerevisiae to a much lesser extent than the one of P. pastoris, reflecting the major tolerance of the baker's yeast towards oxygen limitation, and a higher fermentative capacity. Further important differences were related to Fab production, which was not significantly affected by oxygen availability in S. cerevisiae, while a clear productivity increase had been previously reported for hypoxically grown P. pastoris. Conclusions: The effect of three different levels of oxygen availability on the physiology of P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae revealed a very distinct remodelling of the transcriptional program, leading to novel insights into the different adaptive responses of Crabtree negative and positive yeasts to oxygen availability. Moreover, the application of such comparative genomic studies to recombinant hosts grown in different environments might lead to the identification of key factors for efficient protein production

Роль ниркової дисфункції у розвитку ускладнень цирозу печінки

Renal dysfunction is defined as progressing renal failure against chronic and acute failure of a liver at insignificant or total absence of morphological changes in kidneys. Emergence of renal dysfunction at cirrhosis is an integral part of a natural course of the disease characterizing its weight. However the importance of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis and its correction today fully are not defined.The aim of research. To estimate the role of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis.Materials and methods. 70 patients with cirrhosis took part in the study. 34 patients were hospitalized with ascites resistant to the diuretics and 36 patients had bleeding from esophageal varices. 29 patients have died. Duration of supervision of patients was from 2-3 weeks to 1,5-2 years. All patients had numerous clinical, laboratory and instrumental researches. They included measurement of a daily diuresis, body weight, abdominal circumference. Laboratory researches included, in addition to standard, definition of a creatinine, sodium and potassium level in blood and urine, speeds of a glomerular filtration (GFR). Ultrasonic research (US) of abdominal organs with vessels of an abdominal cavity and renal arteries color duplex scan. Diameter of renal arteries, speed of  blood-groove on them and an index of resistance of arteries were estimated. Data of instrumental and laboratory researches were compared with clinical characteristics of a course of a disease and existence of complications.   Results. In 14 (39%) patients with bleeding and 28 (82%) with ascites before development of complications the negative water balance – decrease diuresis in comparison with amount of the drunk liquid was noted at the corresponding diuretic therapy that is an early clinical sign of development of renal dysfunction. At laboratory inspection in all patients before hospitalization the tendency to GFR decrease was noted. At an ultrasonic exam of renal arteries resistance index exceeded normal ranges (0,6-0,7) and was 0,95±0,03. In the absence of correction of renal dysfunction the unsatisfactory results of treatment consisting in frequent recurrence of bleeding and high mortality are noted. Conclusions. Clinical manifestation of renal dysfunction is the negative water balance; the laboratory – a tendency to speed of a glomerular filtration decrease; the tool – reduction of diameter of renal arteries, decrease in a volume blood-groove in them, increase in an index of resistance in process of transition from the disease not complicated to the complicated current that took place in 76% of patients. In 82% patients with ascites and 39% with bleeding from esophageal varices clinically significant renal dysfunction took place before development of complications. More than for 60% of patients with early recurrence of bleeding the gepatorenal syndrome was diagnosed. At all died patients hepato-renal insufficiency was noted. Исследована функция почек у больных с компенсированным и декомпенсированным течением цирроза печени. Дана оценка роли почечной дисфункции в развитии осложнений цирроза.Дослідили функцію нирок у хворих із компенсованим і декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки. Здійснили оцінювання ролі ниркової дисфункції у розвитку ускладнень цирозу

Correction of renal dysfunction in patients with the decompensated course of cirrhosis

Aim. Elaboration of the uniform tactical installations concerning questions of rational therapy of patients with renal dysfunction in cirrhosis and its complications is actual. Methods and results. Effectiveness of the treatment of 48 patients with renal dysfunction was studied. As basis therapy terlipressin (Remestip) and albumin were used. It was established that treatment of renal dysfunction improves survival rate of patients and allows to extend terms of complications development. Conclusion. It testifies the influence of correction of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensative course of cirrhosis on duration and quality of their life

Корекція ниркової дисфункції у хворих із декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки

Aim. Elaboration of the uniform tactical installations concerning questions of rational therapy of patients with renal dysfunction in cirrhosis and its complications  is actual.Methods and results. Effectiveness of the treatment of 48 patients with renal dysfunction was studied. As basis therapy terlipressin (Remestip)  and albumin were used. It was established that treatment of renal dysfunction improves survival rate of patients and allows to extend terms of complications development.Conclusion. It testifies the influence of correction of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensative course of cirrhosis on duration and quality of their life.  Актуальна выработка единых тактических установок, касающихся вопросов рациональной терапии больных с почечной дисфункцией при циррозе печени и его осложнениях. С целью оценки роли почечной дисфункции при осложнениях цирроза печени изучены результаты лечения 48 больных, которым дополнительно проведена коррекция почечной дисфункции. В основе терапии – назначение терлипрессина и альбумина, эффективность которых составила 70%. Установлено, что лечение почечной дисфункции улучшает выживаемость пациентов и позволяет удлинить сроки между рецидивами развития осложнений. Это свидетельствует о значимости коррекции почечной дисфункции у больных с декомпенсированным течением цирроза печени на продолжительность и качество их жизни. Актуальним є напрацювання єдиних тактичних установок, що стосуються питань раціональної терапії хворих із нирковою дисфункцією при цирозі печінки та його ускладненнях. З метою оцінки ролі ниркової дисфункції при ускладненнях цирозу печінки вивчили результати лікування 48 хворих, яким додатково виконали корекцію ниркової дисфункції. Основою терапії було призначення терліпресину й альбуміну, їх ефективність становила 70%. Визначили, що лікування ниркової дисфункції поліпшує виживаність пацієнтів і дає можливість подовжити строки між рецидивами розвитку ускладнень. Це свідчить про значення корекції ниркової дисфункції у хворих із декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки на тривалість і якість їхнього життя

Role of renal dysfunction in development of cirrhosis complications

Renal dysfunction is defined as progressing renal failure against chronic and acute failure of a liver at insignificant or total absence of morphological changes in kidneys. Emergence of renal dysfunction at cirrhosis is an integral part of a natural course of the disease characterizing its weight. However the importance of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis and its correction today fully are not defined. The aim of research. To estimate the role of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis. Materials and methods. 70 patients with cirrhosis took part in the study. 34 patients were hospitalized with ascites resistant to the diuretics and 36 patients had bleeding from esophageal varices. 29 patients have died. Duration of supervision of patients was from 2-3 weeks to 1,5-2 years. All patients had numerous clinical, laboratory and instrumental researches. They included measurement of a daily diuresis, body weight, abdominal circumference. Laboratory researches included, in addition to standard, definition of a creatinine, sodium and potassium level in blood and urine, speeds of a glomerular filtration (GFR). Ultrasonic research (US) of abdominal organs with vessels of an abdominal cavity and renal arteries color duplex scan. Diameter of renal arteries, speed of blood-groove on them and an index of resistance of arteries were estimated. Data of instrumental and laboratory researches were compared with clinical characteristics of a course of a disease and existence of complications. Results. In 14 (39%) patients with bleeding and 28 (82%) with ascites before development of complications the negative water balance – decrease diuresis in comparison with amount of the drunk liquid was noted at the corresponding diuretic therapy that is an early clinical sign of development of renal dysfunction. At laboratory inspection in all patients before hospitalization the tendency to GFR decrease was noted. At an ultrasonic exam of renal arteries resistance index exceeded normal ranges (0,6-0,7) and was 0,95±0,03. In the absence of correction of renal dysfunction the unsatisfactory results of treatment consisting in frequent recurrence of bleeding and high mortality are noted. Conclusions. Clinical manifestation of renal dysfunction is the negative water balance; the laboratory – a tendency to speed of a glomerular filtration decrease; the tool – reduction of diameter of renal arteries, decrease in a volume blood-groove in them, increase in an index of resistance in process of transition from the disease not complicated to the complicated current that took place in 76% of patients. In 82% patients with ascites and 39% with bleeding from esophageal varices clinically significant renal dysfunction took place before development of complications. More than for 60% of patients with early recurrence of bleeding the gepatorenal syndrome was diagnosed. At all died patients hepato-renal insufficiency was noted