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    - During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•ํƒœ๊ท .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก (ABSTRACT IN KOREA) ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์กฐ์น˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ์ด ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1960~1979)์™€ ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€(2011~2011๋…„)์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์šฐ์„ , ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ํ†ต์น˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ถํ•ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ œ์žฌ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊น€์ •์€ ์ •๊ถŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ชฉ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์› ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์›, ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine)์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๋™๋งน์šด๋™(NAM) ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. Key words :๋ถํ•œ,์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด,์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„,๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ต๋ฅ˜,๊ตญ์ œ ์ œ์žฌ,๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine) ์›์น™ Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Dรฉtente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present). Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position. Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the dรฉtente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions. Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved. Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5 3. Literature Review 7 4. Methodology 11 II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14 1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14 2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16 III. GENERAL REVIEW 18 1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18 2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23 IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26 1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26 2. The military assistance 38 V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46 1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47 2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63 3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67 VI. CONCLUSION 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste

    Physician-prescribed Asthma Treatment Regimen does not differ Between Smoking and Non-smoking Patients With Asthma in Seoul and Gyunggi province of Korea

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    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Lauren Weisenfluh and Melissa Stauffer, PhD, in collaboration with SCRIBCO, for medical writing assistance. Funding for this research was provided by Merck & Co., Inc. The authors also wish to thank Eric Maiese and Sharlette Everett for their contributions to the design and implementation of the study and the analytic plan. The authors would also like to thank the study investigators who contributed to patient enrollment and data collection: Drs. Young Il Hwang (Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital), Young Min Ye (Ajou University Medical Center), Joo Hee Kim (Ajou University Medical Center), Heung Woo Park (Seoul National University Hospital), Tae Wan Kim (Seoul National University Hospital), Jae Jeong Shim (Korea University Guro Hospital), Gyu Young Hur (Korea University Guro Hospital), Soo Taek Uh (SoonChunHyang University Hospital), Sang Ha Kim (Wonju Christian Hospital), Myoung Kyu Lee (Wonju Christian Hospital), Soo Keol Lee (Dong-A Medical Center), Jin Hong Chung (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Kyu Jin Kim (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Young Koo Jee (Dankook University Hospital), Kyung Mook Kim (Dankook University Hospital), Young Il Koh (Chonnam National University Hospital), Cheol Woo Kim (Inha university Hospital), You Sook Cho (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Tae Bum Kim (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Jae Myung Lee (Myeong Internal Medicine), Young Mok Lee (Good Friends Internal Medicine), Bong Chun Lee (Namsan Hospital), So Yoen Park (A&A Clinic).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Pola Komunikasi untuk Pemberdayaan Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat dalam Menyukseskan Program Swasembada Pangan

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    Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat (KIM) merupakan lembaga komunikasi nonformal di daerah mempunyai peran strategis di masyarakat, tetapi keberadaannya belum bisa mengakomodir program swasembada pangan seperti yang dicanangkan Presiden Joko Widodo. Hal ini karena pola komunikasi terpadu antara masyarakat dengan unsur stakeholder di daerahnya belum terbangun secara sinergis, serta belum terbangunnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya program ini. Fokus kajian ini mengungkap bagaimana pola komunikasi yang tepat untuk pemberdayaan KIM dalam menyukseskan program swasembada pangan. Tujuannya adalah terbangunnya suatu pola komunikasi KIM yang lebih baik dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan paradigma studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif, kemudian disusun suatu penguatan pola atau model komunikasi yang tepat dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Subyek penelitian adalah masyarakat dan para stakeholder setempat yang dipandang memahami masalah penelitian ini. Lokasi adalah KIM Palasari, Desa Palasari, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola pemberdayaan komunikasi KIM adalah dengan model komunikasi pendampingan yang lebih terarah dari para stakeholders dan mengembangkan komunikasi kelompok yang lebih demokratis kepada para anggotanya. Pola komunikasi linier (sinergi) secara top down dan bottom up antara KIM dengan para stakeholder yang kompeten perlu penguatan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang benar dalam berkomunikasi

    ๊น€์ •์€ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ†ต์น˜ ์ „๋žต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์ •์น˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ์ž„๊ฒฝํ›ˆ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋…์žฌ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊น€์ •์€์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ†ต์น˜ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐํž˜๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ์˜ โ€˜์ •์ƒํ™”โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ น์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋„๋ชจ๋ผ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ น๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃฌ ๋ถํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ถŒ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์™€ ์ฒด์ œ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…์žฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…์žฌ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋…์žฌ์ž ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋…์žฌ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…์žฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ์ถœ์ธ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์Šน์ž์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ต์น˜์ž์™€ ์Šน์ž์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ ์œ ์ง€ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋…ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”์Šคํ‚คํƒ€์˜ ์„ ์ถœ์ธ๋‹จ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€์€ 1) ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์Šน์ž ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , 2) ์žฆ์€ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœํŽธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋…์žฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ถŒ์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…์žฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…์žฌ์ž์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊น€์ •์€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์žฌ์ž์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ •์ƒํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ น๋…์žฌ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์˜ ์˜๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ น์˜ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์šฐ์œ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€์€ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ์˜ โ€˜์ •์ƒํ™”โ€™๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ โ€˜๋ณต์›โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ๋งŒํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๋‹น์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ์˜ โ€˜์ •์ƒํ™”โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊น€์ •์€ ์ •๊ถŒ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹น-๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ น์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ • ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ •๊ถŒ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์™€ ์ฒด์ œ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋…์žฌ์ž์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.By analyzing the power elite of the Kim Jong-un regime from the perspective of autocratic theory, this thesis reveals Kim Jong-unโ€™s strategy of taming power elites and explores the meaning of the political changes in North Korea. Previous studies on the power elite in North Korea have focused mainly on analyzing the origins and backgrounds of individual power elites or their connection with Suryeong. This thesis interprets the analysis and data on the North Korean power elite achieved by these previous studies from the perspective of autocratic theory. The autocratic theory is useful because it distinguishes between groups of acts that form a dictatorship and reveals the operating principles of dictatorship through changes in their relationships. In particular, the Selectorate Theory of Bueno de Mesquita (BdM) explains the relationship between the ruler and the Winning Coalition through the size of the Selectorate and the Winning Coalition, which is the basis of the theoretical discussion in this thesis. Kim Jong-un diminishes the size of power elites in an effort to consolidate the dictatorโ€™s political standing. And he staves off factional coalitions from forming by stirring up organizational structure and frequent cabinet/elite reshuffle. These two strategies are accompanied by an institutional change in the โ€˜normalizationโ€™ of the Party-Sate System. This thesis analyzes the partyโ€™s empowerment in North Korea from the perspective of Kim Jong-unโ€™s strategy of maintaining his dictatorship.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Questions 1 1.2 Research Methods and Materials 5 1.3 Composition of the Thesis 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Studies of Party-State System 10 2.2 Studies of Dictatorships. 14 2.3 "Selectorate Theory" of Bueno de Mesquita. 16 Chapter 3. Capitalizing on the Party-State System 18 3.1 Succession Strategy for Kim Jong-un 18 3.2 Reign of Terror under Kim Jong-un. 20 3.3 "Normalization" in Context. 22 Chapter 4. Party over Winning Coalition: Maneuvering the Size 25 4.1 Shrinking of the Winning Coalition 25 4.2 Discussion of the Selectorate in North Korea. 30 Chapter 5. Stirring Up the Elite Coalitions 32 5.1 Revamping the Bureaucracy. 32 5.1.1 The Military. 32 5.1.2 Office No. 39. 39 5.2 Reshuffling the Personnel. 43 Chapter 6. Conclusion 44 Bibliography 46 Abstract in Korean 51Maste

    Famine in North Korea (1990's to Present): Agricultural Reform Policy and Food Security Under Kim Jong Un

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. Sheen, Seong-ho.This study aims to unveil the truth about famine, agriculture reform policies and food security in North Korea. The study examines what truly embodies famine, its indicators and its consequences towards constituents. Furthermore, it takes a closer look into the rise of the Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. With this in mind, it examines Kim Jong Un and his commitment to transforming North Korean society with specific emphasis on agriculture. This is an observational analysis that aims to confirm that former agricultural policies have been ineffective for a number of reasons (e.g. government and regional inconsistencies, lack of arable land, environmental issues, lack of resources etc). In addition to this, the study aims to explore whether or not Kim Jong Un is taking strategic measures to ensure food security for North Korea. In order to evaluate and analyze, first we must take a closer look at the history of agricultural reform policies to see how they directly influence food security and famine in North Korea. Furthermore, this study will examine how the historical background directly influenced many of these changes. The core of this research relies on the observation of agricultural developments and setbacks. This study examines Kim Jong Uns movement within the agriculture sector to examine whether the young leader is working towards securing food for the North Korean people.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ, ๋†์—…๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…, ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊น€์ •์€์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋†์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์ธ (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ, ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋†์—… ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊น€์ •์€์ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋žต์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๋†์—… ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ถํ•œ ๋†์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊น€์ •์€์˜ ํ–‰๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 Chapter 3. Measuring the Indicators of Famine. 7 3.1 Measuring Famine 7 3.2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). 8 3.3 Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales. 13 3.4 Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) 18 3.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rate 19 3.6 Measuring Acute Malnutrition 20 3.7 Importance for Food Security 22 Chapter 4. The North Korean Famine (1990-1998). 24 4.1 Historical Background 24 4.2 Mismanagement of the Economic and Agriculture Sector 25 4.3 Climate Disturbance . 31 4.4 Government Neglect. 32 4.4.1 Failure in Distribution 32 4.4.2 Issues Regarding International Aid Relief.. 35 Chapter 5. Food Security in North Korea 38 5.1 Public Distribution System (PDS). 39 5.2 International Aid 42 5.3 Black Markets 46 5.4 Ideology & Enacted Policies 47 5.4.1 Juch Ideology (์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ) 48 5.4.2 Military First 49 5.4.3 Two Meals A Day. 50 Chapter 6. Consequences Towards Constituents. 52 6.1 Death Toll & Malnutrition 52 6.2 Impact on Agriculture 58 6.3 Rise of Kotjebe (๊ฝƒ์ œ๋น„) 59 6.4 Continuous Struggle with Famine 60 Chapter 7. The Dawn of a New Era 62 7.1. The Rise of Kim Jong Un 62 7.1.1 Leadership and Personality Traits 64 7.2. Vision Changes for North Korea 65 7.2.1 North Korean Economy 66 7.2.2 Nuclear Program 67 7.2.3 International Political Engagement 70 Chapter 8. Agriculture Reform Policies. 75 8.1 The History of Agriculture Reforms Policies in North Korea 75 8.2 Agriculture Reform Policy under Kim Jong Un. 83 8.2.1 Field Responsibility System (FRS) 84 Chapter 9. Observations & Analysis 86 9.1 Agriculture Developments. 86 9.1.1 Military-run Farms. 87 9.1.2 Greenhouse Farms 90 9.1.3 Fertilizer Plant 92 9.1.4 Expansion of Agriculture Science Research Institutes 94 9.1.5 Reform Policy Success 95 9.2 Agriculture Setbacks 96 9.2.1 Continuation of Climate Disturbance & Lack of Resources 96 9.2.2 Unrealistic Expectations 98 9.2.3 Lack of Guidance. 99 9.2.4 Complications due to COVID-19 Pandemic 100 Chapter 10. Conclusion 103 Bibliography ix Appendix. xvi A. Interview with Professor Clark Sorenson Acknowledgments xxMaste

    Subsampling inference in cube root asymptotics with an application to Manski's maximum score estimator

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    Kim and Pollard (Annals of Statistics, 18 (1990) 191?219) showed that a general class of M-estimators converge at rate n1/3 rather than at the standard rate n1/2. Many times, this situation arises when the objective function is non-smooth. The limiting distribution is the (almost surely unique) random vector that maximizes a certain Gaussian process and is difficult to analyze analytically. In this paper, we propose the use of the subsampling method for inferential purposes. The general method is then applied to Manski?s maximum score estimator and its small sample performance is highlighted via a simulation study.Publicad

    Analisa Data Log Untuk Perhitungan Volume Awal Gas Di Tempat Dengan Metoda Volume Trik

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    Perhitungan Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada Lapangan KIM menjadi langkah awal pengembangansumur gas. Untuk mendapatkan nilai setiap parameter perlu dilakukan interpretasi secara kualitatifmaupun kuantitatif. Interpretasi data secara kualitatif meliputi quick look pada kurva log.Sedangkan interpretasi data secara kuantitatif adalah melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan datageologi, petrofisik, dan reservoir dengan menggunakan rumus-rumus tertentu. Dalampengerjaannya, software Petrel dan Interactive Petrophysics digunakan untuk membantu analisasetiap parameter. Lapangan KIM memiliki dua lapisan yang berpotensi mengandung gas yaitu b2-340 dan K-670. Jenis lithologi pada lapangan ini didominasi oleh sandstone. Volume gas awal ditempat atau Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada lapisan b2-340 dan K-670 adalah sebesar 1.14 bscfdan 15.89 bscf. Sehingga volume gas awal di tempat atau Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada kedualapisan di lapangan KIM adalah sebesar 17.03 bscf. Reservoir pada lapangan KIM merupakan drygas reservoir yang ditandai dengan kandungan gas methane (C1) yang tinggi yaitu sebesar95.82%

    The Characteristics of Necessity, Commoner, and Parasite with Multicultural Data Comparison

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    Three different types of employees can be found in workplaces all over the world: โ€œNecessities,โ€ โ€œCommoners,โ€ and โ€œParasites.โ€ A person is a Necessity if s/he is irreplaceable and crucial to the functioning of an organization. A Commoner is a person of normal ability and talent who has no significant impact on organizational success. Parasites are detrimental freeloaders who damage the functioning of an organization. To identify the principal characteristics of these three types of workers, a group of researchers led by Chong W. Kim conducted six studies in which they collected survey data from undergraduate and graduate business students in the U.S., India, Korea, Chile, and Japan. The results of this research effort are reported in Kim & Sikula (2005), Kim & Sikula (2006), Kim, Sikula & Smith (2006), Kim, Cho & Sikula (2007), Kim, Arias- Bolzmann & Smith (2008), and Kim, Arias-Bolzmann & Magoshi (2009). The summary of these six studies has been reported in Kim, Smith, Sikula & Anderson (2011). The purpose of this article is to compare the results of the summary study with a new set of data, which was collected from a multicultural student body. The authors note the points of commonality between the data sets and offer their thoughts on future research in this area
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