The CLAS12 Spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory

The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer for operation at 12 GeV beam energy (CLAS12) in Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory is used to study electro-induced nuclear and hadronic reactions. This spectrometer provides efficient detection of charged and neutral particles over a large fraction of the full solid angle. CLAS12 has been part of the energy-doubling project of Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, funded by the United States Department of Energy. An international collaboration of 48 institutions contributed to the design and construction of detector hardware, developed the software packages for the simulation of complex event patterns, and commissioned the detector systems. CLAS12 is based on a dual-magnet system with a superconducting torus magnet that provides a largely azimuthal field distribution that covers the forward polar angle range up to 35∘, and a solenoid magnet and detector covering the polar angles from 35° to 125° with full azimuthal coverage. Trajectory reconstruction in the forward direction using drift chambers and in the central direction using a vertex tracker results in momentum resolutions of <1% and <3%, respectively. Cherenkov counters, time-of-flight scintillators, and electromagnetic calorimeters provide good particle identification. Fast triggering and high data-acquisition rates allow operation at a luminosity of 1035 cm−2s−1. These capabilities are being used in a broad program to study the structure and interactions of nucleons, nuclei, and mesons, using polarized and unpolarized electron beams and targets for beam energies up to 11 GeV. This paper gives a general description of the design, construction, and performance of CLAS12

Najnowsze trendy w automatyce górek rozrządowych

Marshalling yards are one of the most important parts of every railway infrastructure. Means of mechanization and automation are being built to achieve as efficient forming of freight trains as possible. Modern, fully automatic systems based on extensive utilization of computers are being implemented. Their main function is to make freight trains into unit trains and divided according to their destinations. One part of these systems is responsible for automatic routing of coupled or isolated cars through the ladder. The other part automatically regulates by retarders the speed of the cars on their way into the destination tracks in the classification bowl. The state-of-the-art marshalling systems provide not only these basic automation functions. They offer also setting interlocked routes with a level of safety integrity SIL3. This article is focused on both above mentioned parts of marshalling systems - automation and safety one.Górki rozrządowe są jedną z najważniejszych części każdej infrastruktury kolejowej. Metody mechanizacji i automatyki tworzone są w celu osiągnięcia najefektywniejszego formowania pociągów towarowych. Implementowane są nowoczesne, w pełni zautomatyzowane systemy bazujące na szerokim wykorzystaniu urządzeń komputerowych. Ich główną funkcją jest podzielenie pociągów towarowych na pociągi jednostkowe, rozdysponowanie ich zgodnie z przeznaczeniem. Jedna część tych systemów odpowiedzialna jest za automatyczne ustawianie przebiegu sprzężonych lub pojedynczych wagonów przez poziomy. Druga część automatyczne reguluje, za pomocą hamulców torowych, prędkość wagonu w drodze na tor przeznaczenia w obszarze klasyfikacyjnym. Najwyższej jakości systemy rozrządowe zapewniają nie tylko te podstawowe automatyczne funkcje. Oferują również ustawianie przebiegów z blokadami o poziomie bezpieczeństwa SIL3. Referat koncentruje się na obu wymienionych częściach systemów rozrządowych - automatyce i bezpieczeństwie

Stories of transition: US Veterans’ narratives of transition to civilian life and the important role of identity

Introduction: To date, investigations of Veterans’ transition to civilian life after military service have tended to focus on the experiences of those with mental or physical health difficulties or on employment challenges and homelessness. This study aimed to gain a deep understanding of Veterans’ transition to civilian life, the challenges they face, and the adaptive and maladaptive ways in which they manage them. Methods: A narrative approach was used to afford the Veterans an opportunity to share their experiences through their transition story. Six male Veterans residing in the Chicagoland area who had left the military between 1 and 12 years earlier were interviewed using a narrative approach. Results: Narrative analysis led to the emergence of three master narratives: narratives of the challenges, narratives of readiness, and narratives of continued military values. The narratives the Veterans shared highlighted not only the importance of practical readiness for transition but also the need for a fundamental addition to how Veteran transition is considered that includes psychological considerations of the impact on identity and the potential for existential crisis. Discussion: Appraising transition only in terms of measurable factors such as employment, living conditions, and health likely overlooks those experiencing psychological challenges and sub-clinical mental health difficulties. The proposed fundamental addition has implications for work with Veterans in various health care settings and for existing transition programs, including a consideration of the role of identity