Evaluasi Kinerja Jalan dan Penataan Arus Lalu Lintas pada Akses Dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Sianta

Kepadatan lalu lintas sering terjadi pada jam-jam sibuk di mana sering terjadi kemacetan pada sebagian jalan raya penting di Pontianak. . Jalan Khatulistiwa yang merupakan juga akses dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Siantan yang menghubungkan juga dengan lembaga pendidikan, perkantoran, pasar, pertokoan dan pemukiman sehingga dapat menyebabkan konflik arus lalu lintas pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Untuk merencanakan suatu persimpangan yang baik perlu adanya volume lalu lintas dari persimpangan itu sendiri. Volume lalu lintas ini didapatkan dari hasil survey lalu lintas yang dilaksanakan pada hari Jum'at, Sabtu, Minggu dan Senin. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan alat bantu counter hand. Kemacetan yang terjadi pada persimpangan dikarenakan adanya konflik pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian dengan Pengaturan arus lalu lintas didapat alternatif pertama yakni mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang sehingga diharapkan berkurangnya hambatan samping disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,69 dan simpang kedua 0.87. Alternatif kedua mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan berhenti serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang. Kemudian kendaraan yang keluar dari kapal ferry dialihkan kearah pasar puring dengan mengurangi hambatan samping yang tinggi menjadi rendah dengan cara pemasangan rambu lalu lintas dan penertiban pedagang kaki lima diruas jalan pasar puring dan disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,63, simpang kedua 0,57 dan simpang ketiga 1,25. Alternatif ketiga Penerapan alternatif kedua dengan menggunakan simpang bersinyal serta pada simpang ke III dilakukan pelebaran dari 6 M menjadi 12 M pada jalan khatulistiwa didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,583, simpang kedua 0,548 dan simpang ketiga 0,536. Sehingga pengaturan arus lalu lintas dengan alternatif ketiga dianggap lebih efektif. Kata-kata kunci

Energy-Momentum Distribution: A Crucial Problem in General Relativity

This paper is aimed to elaborate the problem of energy-momentum in General Relativity. In this connection, we use the prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and M\"{o}ller to compute the energy-momentum densities for two exact solutions of Einstein field equations. The spacetimes under consideration are the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions and the singularity-free cosmological model. The electromagnetic generalization of the G\"{o}del solution and the G\"{o}del metric become special cases of the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions. It turns out that these prescriptions do not provide consistent results for any of these spacetimes. These inconsistence results verify the well-known proposal that the idea of localization does not follow the lines of pseudo-tensorial construction but instead follows from the energy-momentum tensor itself. These differences can also be understood with the help of the Hamiltonian approach.Comment: 28 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

X-ray constraints on the fraction of obscured AGN at high accretion luminosities

The wide-area XMM-XXL X-ray survey is used to explore the fraction of obscured AGN at high accretion luminosities, $L_X (\rm 2-10 \, keV) > 10^{44} \, erg \,s ^{-1}$, and out to redshift $z\approx1.5$. The sample covers an area of about $\rm14\,deg^2$ and provides constraints on the space density of powerful AGN over a wide range of neutral hydrogen column densities extending beyond the Compton-thick limit, $\rm N_H\approx10^{24}\,cm^{-2}$. The fraction of obscured Compton-thin ($\rm N_H=10^{22}-10^{24}\,cm^{-2}$) AGN is estimated to be $\approx0.35$ for luminosities $L_X(\rm 2-10\,keV)>10^{44}\,erg\,s^{-1}$ independent of redshift. For less luminous sources the fraction of obscured Compton-thin AGN increases from $0.45\pm0.10$ at $z=0.25$ to $0.75\pm0.05$ at $z=1.25$. Studies that select AGN in the infrared via template fits to the observed Spectral Energy Distribution of extragalactic sources estimate space densities at high accretion luminosities consistent with the XMM-XXL constraints. There is no evidence for a large population of AGN (e.g. heavily obscured) identified in the infrared and missed at X-ray wavelengths. We further explore the mid-infrared colours of XMM-XXL AGN as a function of accretion luminosity, column density and redshift. The fraction of XMM-XXL sources that lie within the mid-infrared colour wedges defined in the literature to select AGN is primarily a function of redshift. This fraction increases from about 20-30% at z=0.25 to about 50-70% at $z=1.5$.Comment: MNRAS accepte

Energy Distribution associated with Static Axisymmetric Solutions

This paper has been addressed to a very old but burning problem of energy in General Relativity. We evaluate energy and momentum densities for the static and axisymmetric solutions. This specializes to two metrics, i.e., Erez-Rosen and the gamma metrics, belonging to the Weyl class. We apply four well-known prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papaterou and M$\ddot{o}$ller to compute energy-momentum density components. We obtain that these prescriptions do not provide similar energy density, however momentum becomes constant in each case. The results can be matched under particular boundary conditions.Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication in Astrophysics and SpaceScienc

Protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by B. subtilis isolated from soil

Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application

THE EFFECT OF USING FLASH VIDEOS ON THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS’ LISTENING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT AT SMP NEGERI 6 JEMBER

Abstract.This research was intended to know the significant effect of using flash videos on the eighth grade students’ listening comprehension achievement at SMPNegeri 6Jember. The research design was quasi experimental research withPre-test and Post-test Design. The population of the research was the eighth grade students at SMPN 6 Jember, while the respondents were the students of class VIIIB and VIIIC that were chosen purposively through lottery. The data were collected by using listening tests, interview, and documentation. Thedata collected were analyzed by using t-test formula through SPSS. The result of the computation showed that the significant value of t-test was0.043. It was lower than 0.05. So, it can be concluded that there was a significant effect of using flash videos on the eighth grade students’ listeningcomprehension achievement at SMP Negeri 6 Jember. Key Words:Flash video,ListeningComprehension Achievemen

Clade C HIV-1 isolates circulating in Southern Africa exhibit a greater frequency of dicysteine motif-containing Tat variants than those in Southeast Asia and cause increased neurovirulence

Background: HIV-1 Clade C (Subtype C; HIV-1C) is responsible for greater than 50% of infections worldwide. Unlike clade B HIV-1 (Subtype B; HIV-1B), which is known to cause HIV associated dementia (HAD) in approximately 15% to 30% of the infected individuals, HIV-1C has been linked with lower prevalence of HAD (0 to 6%) in India and Ethiopia. However, recent studies report a higher prevalence of HAD in South Africa, Zambia and Botswana, where HIV-1C infections predominate. Therefore, we examined whether Southern African HIV-1C is genetically distinct and investigated its neurovirulence. HIV-1 Tat protein is a viral determinant of neurocognitive dysfunction. Therefore, we focused our study on the variations seen in tat gene and its contribution to HIV associated neuropathogenesis. Results: A phylogenetic analysis of tat sequences of Southern African (South Africa and Zambia) HIV isolates with those from the geographically distant Southeast Asian (India and Bangladesh) isolates revealed that Southern African tat sequences are distinct from Southeast Asian isolates. The proportion of HIV − 1C variants with an intact dicysteine motif in Tat protein (C30C31) was significantly higher in the Southern African countries compared to Southeast Asia and broadly paralleled the high incidence of HAD in these countries. Neuropathogenic potential of a Southern African HIV-1C isolate (from Zambia; HIV-1C1084i), a HIV-1C isolate (HIV-1IndieC1) from Southeast Asia and a HIV-1B isolate (HIV-1ADA) from the US were tested using in vitro assays to measure neurovirulence and a SCID mouse HIV encephalitis model to measure cognitive deficits. In vitro assays revealed that the Southern African isolate, HIV-1C1084i exhibited increased monocyte chemotaxis and greater neurotoxicity compared to Southeast Asian HIV-1C. In neurocognitive tests, SCID mice injected with MDM infected with Southern African HIV-1C1084i showed greater cognitive dysfunction similar to HIV-1B but much higher than those exposed to Southeast Asian HIV − 1C. Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that HIV-1C from Southern African countries is genetically distinct from Southeast Asian HIV-1C and that it exhibits a high frequency of variants with dicysteine motif in a key neurotoxic HIV protein, Tat. Our results indicate that Tat dicysteine motif determines neurovirulence. If confirmed in population studies, it may be possible to predict neurocognitive outcomes of individuals infected with HIV-1C by genotyping Tat

Asset Administration Shell in Manufacturing: Applications and Relationship with Digital Twin

Within Industry 4.0 the communication between the physical and the cyber part of manufacturing system faces an ever-growing rise in complexity. The Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is an information framework, within Industry 4.0, that describes the technological features of an asset. It was created to present data and information in a structured and semantically defined format, allowing for interoperability. The work addresses the industrial implementation of AAS, where a systematic literature review has been carried out to investigate the features of the implemented AAS metamodel, and the tools used for the realization of the models. A study of the convergence present in literature between the AAS and Digital Twin (DT) has also been carried out. This paper presents a reference of AAS tools and information for industry practitioners, as well as suggestions for research gaps in the standardization of AAS information modelling. Copyright (C) 2022 The Authors

Influence of Shrinkage on Phase Change Material-based Thermal Rectifiers

Thermal rectifiers have recently emerged as a field of interest because of their potential application in a wide-ranging field. Thermal rectifiers can be employed to shield heat-sensitive electronics components, building thermal management and thermal energy conversion. A thermal rectifier allows heat transfer in a preferred direction while curtailing heat transfer in the reverse direction. Recently, the thermal conductivity differential of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in their different states has been employed to develop thermal rectifiers. However, these studies are limited to analyzing the effect of change in the thermal conductivity alone, neglecting the influence of change in other thermophysical properties. The difference in PCM density in different states leads to the development of void volume upon phase transition, which can significantly alter thermal rectification. Therefore, this study analyzes the interdependent influence of thermal conductivity and density on thermal rectification under a wide range of temperature biases. The presence of void volume under reverse bias augments thermal rectification, whereas it has an adverse effect when developed under the forward bias. A criterion is developed to identify when the influence of density negates that of thermal conductivity, which requires the design of the thermal rectifier to be altered. Furthermore, optimization criteria and expressions for optimal thermal rectification are developed, incorporating the influence of both thermal conductivity and density