Scale on Wire Rod and its Removal by Mechanical Means

The rod from Which plain carbon steel wire is produced is normally supplied in the original rolled condition with its scale attached. As a preliminary to the succ-essful drawing of the rod down to wire, it is essential to remove this scale. The traditional method of removal has been to pickle the rod coils by submerging them in solutions of dilute acid. In recent years one has seen developments introduced to achieve mechanical scale removal

Study of the application of advanced technologies to laminar-flow control systems for subsonic transports. Volume 2: Analyses

For abstract, see N76-24144

The Relationship Between Belief and Credence

Sometimes epistemologists theorize about belief, a tripartite attitude on which one can believe, withhold belief, or disbelieve a proposition. In other cases, epistemologists theorize about credence, a fine-grained attitude that represents one’s subjective probability or confidence level toward a proposition. How do these two attitudes relate to each other? This article explores the relationship between belief and credence in two categories: descriptive and normative. It then explains the broader significance of the belief-credence connection and concludes with general lessons from the debate thus far

The Impact of Social Isolation on Pain Interference: A Longitudinal Study

Background: Evidence suggests social interactions play an important role in pain perception. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether social isolation (SI) in people with persistent pain determines pain interference (PI) and physical function over time. Methods: Patients seeking care at a tertiary pain management referral center were administered the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) SI, PI, physical function, depression, and average pain intensity item banks at their initial consultation and subsequent visits as part of their routine clinical care. We used a post hoc simulation of an experiment using propensity score matching (n = 4,950) and carried out a cross-lagged longitudinal analysis (n = 312) of retrospective observational data. Results: Cross-lagged longitudinal analysis showed that SI predicted PI at the next time point, above and beyond the effects of pain intensity and covariates, but not vice versa. Conclusions: These data support the importance of SI as a factor in pain-related appraisal and coping and demonstrate that a comprehensive assessment of the individuals' social context can provide a better understanding of the differential trajectories for a person living with pain. Our study provides evidence that the impact of pain is reduced in individuals who perceive a greater sense of inclusion from and engagement with others. This study enhances the understanding of how social factors affect pain and have implications for how the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions may be improved. Therapeutic interventions aimed at increasing social connection hold merit in reducing the impact of pain on engagement with activities

On the origin of radial anisotropy near subduction slabs in the mid-mantle

Recent seismic studies indicate the presence of seismic anisotropy near subducted slabs in the transition zone and uppermost lower mantle (mid‐mantle). In this study, we investigate the origin of radial anisotropy in the mid‐mantle using 3‐D geodynamic subduction models combined with mantle fabric simulations. These calculations are compared with seismic tomography images to constrain the range of possible causes of the observed anisotropy. We consider three subduction scenarios: (i) slab stagnation at the bottom of the transition zone; (ii) slab trapped in the uppermost lower mantle; and (iii) slab penetration into the deep lower mantle. For each scenario, we consider a range of parameters, including several slip systems of bridgmanite and its grain‐boundary mobility. Modeling of lattice‐preferred orientation shows that the upper transition zone is characterized by fast‐SV radial anisotropy anomalies up to −1.5%. For the stagnating and trapped slab scenarios, the uppermost lower mantle is characterized by two fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of ∼+2% beneath the slab's tip and hinge. On the other hand, the penetrating slab is associated with fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of up to ∼+1.3% down to a depth of 2,000 km. Four possible easy slip systems of bridgmanite lead to a good consistency between the mantle modeling and the seismic tomography images: [100](010), [010](100), [001](100), and urn:x-wiley:ggge:media:ggge22043:ggge22043-math-0001. The anisotropy anomalies obtained from shape‐preferred orientation calculations do not fit seismic tomography images in the mid‐mantle as well as lattice‐preferred orientation calculations, especially for slabs penetrating into the deep lower mantle

On the Origin of Radial Anisotropy Near Subducted Slabs in the Midmantle

Recent seismic studies indicate the presence of seismic anisotropy near subducted slabs in the transition zone and uppermost lower mantle (mid-mantle). In this study, we investigate the origin of radial anisotropy in the mid-mantle using 3-D geodynamic subduction models combined with mantle fabric simulations. These calculations are compared with seismic tomography images to constrain the range of possible causes of the observed anisotropy. We consider three subduction scenarios: (i) slab stagnation at the bottom of the transition zone; (ii) slab trapped in the uppermost lower mantle; and (iii) slab penetration into the deep lower mantle. For each scenario, we consider a range of parameters, including several slip systems of bridgmanite and its grain-boundary mobility. Modeling of lattice-preferred orientation shows that the upper transition zone is characterized by fast-SV radial anisotropy anomalies up to 121.5%. For the stagnating and trapped slab scenarios, the uppermost lower mantle is characterized by two fast-SH radial anisotropy anomalies of 3c+2% beneath the slab's tip and hinge. On the other hand, the penetrating slab is associated with fast-SH radial anisotropy anomalies of up to 3c+1.3% down to a depth of 2,000\ua0km. Four possible easy slip systems of bridgmanite lead to a good consistency between the mantle modeling and the seismic tomography images: [100](010), [010](100), [001](100), and (Formula presented.). The anisotropy anomalies obtained from shape-preferred orientation calculations do not fit seismic tomography images in the mid-mantle as well as lattice-preferred orientation calculations, especially for slabs penetrating into the deep lower mantle

Using Head, Heart and Hands to (De)construct Community Development in Tijuana, Mexico

Short-term international service-learning immersions can provide accessible ways for students to experience other countries and cultures, creating the possibility for development of the whole person in a global context. These programs often involve the physical labor of students, through building houses, serving food to migrants, and the like. As Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, S.J. has observed, such service can be valued by the recipient community and for the participating student, and can challenge the mind to change. But how can such programs increase their value proposition in support of the organization’s mission? In other words, how might we employ minds as well as hands and hearts in other ways that promote justice work? This article describes an immersion program, academic course, and community-based research effort forged over a 25-year relationship between Seattle University and Esperanza, a non-governmental organization that focuses on community development, micro finance, and affordable housing in Tijuana, Mexico. Using the Ignatian pedagogical paradigm, a constellation of stakeholders—faculty, staff, students, and community partners—reflect on the partnership and the enhancements to a long-standing collaborative effort. Lessons learned are offered. Ultimately, we conclude that long-term reciprocal benefits can be achieved while also inviting participants to deepen their aspirations for social change in a global context

Can Modal Skepticism Defeat Humean Skepticism?

My topic is moderate modal skepticism in the spirit of Peter van Inwagen. Here understood, this is a conservative version of modal empiricism that severely limits the extent to which an ordinary agent can reasonably believe “exotic” possibility claims. I offer a novel argument in support of this brand of skepticism: modal skepticism grounds an attractive (and novel) reply to Humean skepticism. Thus, I propose that modal skepticism be accepted on the basis of its theoretical utility as a tool for dissolving philosophical paradox