Water Supply and Health: Drinking water and Sanitation Coverage in Ethiopia 1990 - 2015 Review

Background: Human health, incorporating physical, social and psychological well-being, depends on an adequate supply of potable water and a safe environment sections. Waterborne infections are one of the commonest problems in developing countries. Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation needs will eliminate vast part of water-borne disease cases. Objectives: to assess the trends safe water coverage and sanitary conditions in Ethiopia together with the challenges of the sector. Methods: In depth literature survey from online published peer reviewed articles, publications from International organization and Ethiopia ministry of health was used to assess the trend and access of improved water and sanitation coverage since 1990 to 2015 in Ethiopia. Results: Among 93 articles, 45 of them have important information and included in the quantitative review. To this end Ethiopia has reached the Millennium Development goal of access to safe water and the national coverage reached to 68.5% and 33% for sanitation facilities. Ethiopia is not on the right track to reach for sanitation target (47%) of 2015. The development trend for water coverage and sanitation facilities shows that urban dwellers (16% of the population) are more benefited than the rural (84%) citizens. Poor access of sanitation and improved drinking water in rural part is resulted due to improper planning, malfunction water scheme utilities, and other factors. Conclusions: Despite, the efforts made to increase the access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to the population in the last 15 years; water related diseases are still one of the top ten diseases in the country. Protecting the source alone is not sufficient enough to reduce waterborne diseases unless point of use treatments and hygienic handling of water is practiced. Additional commitments and efforts are required post 2015 to assure the sustainability, access to the basic human right, water

Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) for the Removal of Chromium from Tannery Effluent in Constructed Pond System

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of water hyacinth for the removal of chromium (Cr) from tannery wastewater. This experiment was performed using healthy, young and acclimatized water hyacinth collected from unpolluted Awash River. Cr concentrations of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 20 mg/L were added to five different polyethylene tanks, containing 40 litre tap water cultured with Hoagland’s solution. A sixth tank containing Cr-free water was used as a control group. Six plants of equal wet mass (each 12.5 ± 2 g), shoot length (11 ± 2 cm) and root length (6 ± 2 cm) were transferred into each tank and allowed to grow in a greenhouse for 42 days. From each tank plants were harvested randomly every week. Bioaccumulation factor, translocation factor, shoot and root length; wet biomass and dry weight of the shoot and root were measured, and relative growth rate, tolerance index of the root and tolerance index of wet mass were analyzed. The maximum accumulation of 2.52 X 103 µg/g of water hyacinth was achieved in the plants exposed to 20 mg/L Cr solution. The root part of the plant accumulated 2.42 to 3.82 times higher than the shoot part. An overall Cr removal efficiency of up to 91% was achieved in this study, but the efficiency decreased as the concentration of Cr in water increased. The growth of the plant was inhibited at high concentration due to Cr toxicity. Therefore, the application of water hyacinth for Cr removal will be sustainable, if the concentration of Cr in wastewater does not exceed about 10 mg/L. The relative growth rate (RGR) of the plant decreased with increasing Cr concentration and the growth was inhibited above 15.3 mg/L Cr in water. Based on the above data, it could be concluded that water hyacinth can potentially be used for the removal of Cr from tannery effluents which is a major environmental problem in Ethiopia. However, further investigation is needed to ascertain the optimum conditions for maximum removal

Impedance Characterization of a Model Au/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia/Au Electrochemical Cell in Varying Oxygen and NO\u3csub\u3e\u3cem\u3ex\u3c/em\u3e\u3c/sub\u3e Concentrations

An electrochemical cell [Au/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Au] serves as a model system to investigate the effect of O2 and NOx. Possible mechanisms responsible for the response are presented. Two dense Au electrodes are co-located on the same side of a dense YSZ electrolyte and are separated from the electrolyte by a porous YSZ layer, present only under the electrodes. While not completely understood, the porous layer appears to result in enhanced NOx response. Impedance data were obtained over a range of frequencies 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz, temperatures 600–700°C, and oxygen 2–18.9% and NOx 10–100 ppm concentrations. Spectra were fit with an equivalent circuit, and values of the circuit elements were evaluated. In the absence of NOx, the effect of O2 on the low-frequency arc resistance could be described by a power law, and the temperature dependence by a single apparent activation energy at all O2 concentrations. When both O2 and NOx were present, however, the power-law exponent varied as a function of both temperature and concentration, and the apparent activation energy also showed dual dependence. Adsorption mechanisms are discussed as possibilities for the rate-limiting steps. Implications for impedancemetric NOx sensing are also discussed

Kajian Faktor Sosial Ekonomi terhadap Respon Petani dalam Menerapkan Inovasi Double Track untuk Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan Petani pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada akhir tahun 2022,  bertujuan mengetahui  factor social ekonomi berkorelasi dengan  respon petani dalam penerapan  inovasi Double Track pada tanaman jagung. Sebanyak 83 petani dipilih secara acak. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survei.  Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan korelasi Rank Spearman dengan sistem komputasi SPPS 26. Hasilnya adalah faktor berkorelasi nyata dengan respon petani adalah pendidikan formal, pendidikan nonformal, dan luas lahan.. Dibutuhkan perhatian pemerintah untuk peningkatan kegiatan  penyuluhan dan pendampingan dengan metode gabungan yang terdiri dari ceramah, diskusi, pelatihan partisipatif, SLP dan konsultasi pribadi tentang sistem ‘double track’.Sebaliknya, faktor umur, pengalaman berusahatani dan jumlah tanggungan keluarga tidak memiliki korelasi dengan respon petani

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content of tomatoes and apples

Report on Department of Horticulture Research Project No. 212, entitled, 'Conservation of nutritive value of foods'--P. [2].Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (pages 21-24)