673 research outputs found
Characterization of Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Stool Samples Through Next-Generation Sequencing.
This study aimed to optimize a method to identify human enteric viruses in sewage and stool samples using random primed next-generation sequencing. We tested three methods, two employed virus enrichment based on the binding properties of the viral capsid using pig-mucin capture or by selecting viral RNA prior to library preparation through a capture using the SureSelect target enrichment. The third method was based on a non-specific biophysical precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Full genomes of a number of common human enteric viruses including norovirus, rotavirus, husavirus, enterovirus and astrovirus were obtained. In stool samples full norovirus genome were detected as well as partial enterovirus genome. A variety of norovirus sequences was detected in sewage samples, with genogroup II being more prevalent. Interestingly, the pig-mucin capture enhanced not only the recovery of norovirus and rotavirus but also recovery of astrovirus, sapovirus and husavirus. Documenting sewage virome using these methods provides information for molecular epidemiology and may be useful in developing strategies to prevent further spread of viruses
Assessment of human enteric viruses in cultured and wild bivalve molluscs
Standard and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) procedures were used to monitor cultured and wild bivalve molluscs from the RĂa de Vigo (NW Spain) for the main human enteric RNA viruses, specifically, norovirus (NoV), hepatitis Avirus (HAV), astrovirus (AsV), rotavirus (RT), enterovirus (EV), and Aichi virus (AiV). The results showed the presence of at least one enteric virus in 63.4% of the 41 samples analyzed. NoV GII was the most prevalent virus, detected in 53.7% of the samples, while NoV GI, AsV, EV, and RV were found at lower percentages (7.3, 12.2, 12.2, and 4.9%, respectively). In general, samples obtained in the wild were more frequently contaminated than those from cultured (70.6 vs. 58.3%) molluscs and were more readily contaminated with more than one virus. However, NoV GI was detected in similar amounts in cultured and wild samples (6.4 Ă— 102 to 3.3 Ă— 103 RNA copies per gram of digestive tissue) while the concentrations of NoV GII were higher in cultured (from 5.6 Ă— 101 to 1.5 Ă— 104 RNA copies per gram of digestive tissue) than in wild (from 1.3 Ă— 102 to 3.4 Ă— 104 RNA copies per gram of digestive tissue) samples. [Int Microbiol 2009; 12(3):145-151
Spin configurations in Co2FeAl0.4Si0.6 Heusler alloy thin film elements
We determine experimentally the spin structure of half-metallic
Co2FeAl0.4Si0.6 Heusler alloy elements using magnetic microscopy. Following
magnetic saturation, the dominant magnetic states consist of quasi-uniform
configurations, where a strong influence from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy
is visible. Heating experiments show the stability of the spin configuration of
domain walls in confined geometries up to 800 K. The switching temperature for
the transition from transverse to vortex walls in ring elements is found to
increase with ring width, an effect attributed to structural changes and
consequent changes in magnetic anisotropy, which start to occur in the narrower
elements at lower temperatures.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Norwalk Virus–specific Binding to Oyster Digestive Tissues
Specific binding of virus to oysters can selectively concentrate a human pathogen
Multiorgan failure after sickle cell vaso occlusive attack: integrated clinical and biological emergency
We describe the case of a 30-year-old patient, suffering from composite S/beta + sickle cell disease. He was hospitalized following a vaso-occlusive attack with acute bone pains. Despite an analgesic treatment and transfusion of three units of red blood cells, a non-regenerative anemia appeared within 24 hours. One day later an acute chest syndrome with atelectasis of the left lung and desaturation and multi-organ failure occurred and necessitated the patient\u27s intubation and required him to be placed in an artificial coma. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed, which eliminated pneumonia but proved, after staining with oil red O, many neutral fatty acid microvacuoles in more than 80% of macrophages, suggesting a pulmonary fat embolism. The hypothesis of a bone marrow necrosis causing a pulmonary fat embolism was discussed and confirmed the next day by the characteristic appearance of the bone marrow. A therapeutic protocol associating iteratively bleeding and red blood cells transfusion was administered on the second day with the objective of maintaining haemoglobin S at less than 20% rate. Successive haemoglobin S assay was applied using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique with a quick response within one hour after transfusion or bleeding. This protocol resulted in an improvement in the patient\u27s condition, with a gradual normalization of vital signs and extubation twelve days later and discharge without sequelae twenty-five days later. The succession of rare but serious sickle cell complications anaemia which occurred in this patient could be controlled by adapting the laboratory for the clinical emergency
Back pressure effects on variable geometry turbine performances
Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, South Africa, 30 June - 2 July, 2008.Turbochargers are widely used in applications to increase
specific power and decrease fuel consumption. However,
recent anti-pollution regulations have became stricter and
pressed automotive engineers to find new solutions to reduce
Nox emissions. Two of these solutions are the catalytic
converter and the intercooler system. All these modifications
will change the initial matching of the turbocharger
performance characteristics to the engine requirements. In this
paper, several compressor wheel sizes are investigated to
evaluate the turbine/compressor matching. The intercooler and
catalytic converter back pressure induced are respectively
modeled by a lower duct section downstream the compressor
stage and a variable valve downstream the turbine stage. The
influences of the different modifications are identified through
the loading and the flow coefficients and also on classical
turbine performance maps. First, an analogy between
compressor wheel size and back pressure effects is underlined.
Second, it is shown that initial control settings of turbine
nozzle vanes are no longer appropriate with a catalytic
converter.vk201
Magnetic switching in granular FePt layers promoted by near-field laser enhancement
Light-matter interaction at the nanoscale in magnetic materials is a topic of
intense research in view of potential applications in next-generation
high-density magnetic recording. Laser-assisted switching provides a pathway
for overcoming the material constraints of high-anisotropy and high-packing
density media, though much about the dynamics of the switching process remains
unexplored. We use ultrafast small-angle x-ray scattering at an x-ray
free-electron laser to probe the magnetic switching dynamics of FePt
nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix following excitation by an optical
femtosecond laser pulse. We observe that the combination of laser excitation
and applied static magnetic field, one order of magnitude smaller than the
coercive field, can overcome the magnetic anisotropy barrier between "up" and
"down" magnetization, enabling magnetization switching. This magnetic switching
is found to be inhomogeneous throughout the material, with some individual FePt
nanoparticles neither switching nor demagnetizing. The origin of this behavior
is identified as the near-field modification of the incident laser radiation
around FePt nanoparticles. The fraction of not-switching nanoparticles is
influenced by the heat flow between FePt and a heat-sink layer
The accuracy of ADC measurements in liver is improved by a tailored and computationally efficient local-rigid registration algorithm
This study describes post-processing methodologies to reduce the effects of physiological motion in measurements of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the liver. The aims of the study are to improve the accuracy of ADC measurements in liver disease to support quantitative clinical characterisation and reduce the number of patients required for sequential studies of disease progression and therapeutic effects. Two motion correction methods are compared, one based on non-rigid registration (NRA) using freely available open source algorithms and the other a local-rigid registration (LRA) specifically designed for use with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance (DW-MR) data. Performance of these methods is evaluated using metrics computed from regional ADC histograms on abdominal image slices from healthy volunteers. While the non-rigid registration method has the advantages of being applicable on the whole volume and in a fully automatic fashion, the local-rigid registration method is faster while maintaining the integrity of the biological structures essential for analysis of tissue heterogeneity. Our findings also indicate that the averaging commonly applied to DW-MR images as part of the acquisition protocol should be avoided if possible
Color Improves Edge Classification
Meeting AbstractCopyright 2019 The Author(s). Our visual environment contains both luminance and color (chromatic) information. Understanding the role that each plays in our visual perception of natural scenes is a continuing topic of investigation. In this study, we explore the role that color cues play in a specific task: edge classification. Despite the complexity of the visual world, humans rarely confuse variations in illumination, for example, shadows, from variations in material properties, for example, paint or stain. This ability to distinguish illumination from material edges is crucial for determining the spatial layout of objects and surfaces in natural scenes. Color is believed to be a useful cue to this categorization, given that most color changes tend to be material in origin, whereas luminance changes tend to be either material or illumination in origin. We conducted a psychophysical experiment that required subjects to classify edges as “shadow” or “other,” for images containing or not color information. We found edge classification performance to be superior for the color compared with grayscale images. We also defined machine observers sensitive to simple image properties and found that they too classified the edges better with color information. Our results show that color acts as a cue for edge classification in images of natural scenes
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