F–Geometric Mean Graphs

In a study of traffic, the labelling problems in graph theory can be used by considering the crowd at every junction as the weights of a vertex and expected average traffic in each street as the weight of the corresponding edge. If we assume the expected traffic at each street as the arithmetic mean of the weight of the end vertices, that causes mean labelling of the graph. When we consider a geometric mean instead of arithmetic mean in a large population of a city, the rate of growth of traffic in each street will be more accurate. The geometric mean labelling of graphs have been defined in which the edge labels may be assigned by either flooring function or ceiling function. In this, the readers will get some confusion in finding the edge labels which edge is assigned by flooring function and which edge is assigned by ceiling function. To avoid this confusion, we establish the F-geometric mean labelling on graphs by considering the edge labels obtained only from the flooring function. An F-Geometric mean labelling of a graph G with q edges, is an injective function from the vertex set of G to {1, 2, 3,..., q +1} such that the edge labels obtained from the flooring function of geometric mean of the vertex labels of the end vertices of each edge, are all distinct and the set of edge labels is {1, 2, 3,..., q}. A graph is said to be an F–Geometric mean graph if it admits an F–Geometric mean labelling. In this paper, we study the F-geometric meanness of the graphs such as cycle, star graph, complete graph, comb, ladder, triangular ladder, middle graph of path, the graphs obtained from duplicating arbitrary vertex by a vertex as well as arbitrary edge by an edge in the cycle and subdivision of comb and star graph

Odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling for some trees obtained from subdivision and vertex identification operations

ليكن G  رسما بيانيا  برؤوس p وحواف q و  دالة متباينة وشاملة , حيث k عدد صحيح موجب. إذا كانت تسمية الحافة المستحثة  معرفة ب   لكل  المتباينة, فان علامة التبويب  تدعى وضع علامات غير منتظمة على حافة فيبوناتشي الفردية ل G. الرسم البياني الذي يعترف بوضع علامات غير منتظمة لحافة فيبوناتشي الفردية يسمى الرسم البياني غير المنتظم لحافة فيبوناتشي الفردية. قوة عدم انتظام حافة فيبوناتشي الفردية هي الحد الأدنى k الذي يعترف G بوضع علامات غير منتظمة لحافة فيبوناتشي الفردية. في هذا البحث ، تم تحديد قوة عدم انتظام حافة فيبوناتشي الفردية لبعض الرسوم البيانية للتقسيمات الفرعية والرسوم البيانية التي تم الحصول عليها من تحديد الرأس.Let G be a graph with p vertices and q edges and  be an injective function, where k is a positive integer. If the induced edge labeling   defined by for each is a bijection, then the labeling f is called an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling of G. A graph which admits an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling is called an odd Fibonacci edge irregular graph. The odd Fibonacci edge irregularity strength ofes(G) is the minimum k for which G admits an odd Fibonacci edge irregular labeling. In this paper, the odd Fibonacci edge irregularity strength for some subdivision graphs and graphs obtained from vertex identification is determined

Odd Sum Labeling of Graphs Obtained by Duplicating Any Edge of Some Graphs

An injective function $f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,1,2,\dots,q\}$ is an odd sum labeling if the induced edge labeling $f^*$ defined by $f^*(uv)=f(u)+f(v),$ for all $uv\in E(G),$ is bijective and $f^*(E(G))=\{1,3,5,\dots,2q-1\}.$ A graph is said to be an odd sum graph if it admits an odd sum labeling. In this paper we study the odd sum property of graphs obtained by duplicating any edge of some graphs

Identification and Quantification of Tree Species in Open Mixed Forests using High Resolution QuickBird Satellite Imagery

Present study deals with identification and quantification of tree species within an open mixed forest in parts of Ranchi district Jharkhand, India using high resolution QuickBird satellite data using image processing and GIS techniques. A high resolution QuickBird satellite image was used for shadow enhancement and tree crown area extraction. The First Principal Component of QuickBird satellite images was employed to enhance the shadowed area and subsequently shadow and non-shadow area were classified using ISODATA. The satellite image was used for crown area extraction with standard deviation of NDVI value and the crowns were classified into five classes using Maximum Likelihood supervised algorithm. Result shows that barring few limitation, the high resolution QuickBird image provides rapid and accurate results in terms of identification and quantification of tree species in conjugation with field verification and attained 88% of classification accuracy. It reduces the time required for obtaining inventory data in open mixed forest. Results also showed that total 5,522 trees of various species were present in the study area and dominated by Shorea robusta (80.48%) followed by Ziziphus mauritiana (16.26%), unknown tree (1.81%), Ficus religiosa (0.98%) and Mangifera indica (0.47%). The demography patterns of the locals mainly tribal (89.9%) exhibited their direct as well as indirect dependency on mixed forests resources for their subsistence and livelihood. The study necessitate towards the effective implication of policies to raise the standard of living of tribal people in the region

Antibacterial activity of ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum

Objective: Sea urchin gonad is considered as a highly prized delicacy in several countries. It is also rich in valuable bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and β-carotene. This study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of the ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Materials and methods: The ovary extract was obtained using two different solvents such as methanol and chloroform. The obtained extract was used to examine its potential antimicrobial properties against the following 11 bacterial species using the disc diffusion method: Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter sp, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumonia) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus). The activity was measured in terms of zone of inhibition (mm). Results: The methanol extract exhibited a higher zone of inhibition against all the bacteria taken for examination. Whereas, the ovary extract obtained by chloroform did not show any antimicrobial activity against S. typhi, S. epidermidis, C. freundii and K. pneumonia. The results indicated that the ovary extract obtained by methanol extracts are capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes taken for analysis. Moreover, the result indicates the presence of antimicrobial agents in sea urchin ovary. Conclusions: The study suggests that the ovary extract of D. setosum may be a potential source of antimicrobial agent for pathogenic microorganisms

A case study of coastal currents in relation with tides and winds in a tropical coastal waters of Vengurla, West Coast of India

277-286Coastal currents consist of wind-driven, tidal, surface wave and geostrophic flows. These currents have a major role for nearshore sediment transport, but the measured data availability on coastal currents for the Indian coast is relatively less. This study analyze the variability of coastal currents along with the tides at nearshore and offshore waters during two different seasons (fag end of summer monsoon and initial stage of pre-monsoon) at Vengurla, west coast of India. Results of this study exhibited that the tides at Vengurla are mixed semi-diurnal dominated by solar constituent during summer monsoon (September to October); whereas the lunar constituents dominates during pre-monsoon (February to March). The nearshore current was dominated by the westward flow (sluggish current) during monsoon and south eastward flow during pre-monsoon, whereas the offshore flow (strong current) showed seasonality. At offshore, southerly current dominated during summer monsoon, whereas the northerly current played a major role during pre-monsoon. The current profile analysis at offshore revealed that the gradation of strong current at the surface to the sluggish nature of currents at the bottom and were comparatively higher during summer monsoon than pre-monsoon periods. This study revealed a complex pattern among winds, tides and currents at offshore