Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is recomended food for infants until the age of 6 months. After 6 months years old a complementary food is recomended until 2 years of age. However, percent of mothers practicing exclusive breastfeeeding is still low. This study aimed to determine factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. Subjects and Method: This was a quantitative-qualitative study conducted in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan from June to December 2015. A sample of 258 lactating mothers, consisting of 136 mothers who exclusively breastfed and 122 mothers who did not exclusively breastfeed, were selected for this study by random sampling. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variables were maternal age, education, knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, maternal health condition, maternal work status, and family support. Data were collected by pre-tested questionnaire and interview. Data were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Low maternal education (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.82; p = 0.005), low maternal knowledge (OR = 0.32; 95% CI =; p = 0.001), poor maternal health condition (OR = 0.23 , 95% CI = 0.08 to 3.93, p = 0.082), and low family support (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.02 to 8.93; p = 0.328) were associated with decreased chance of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal age 20-29 years (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 0.18 to 6.74; p = 0.062) and housewife (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.00 to 8.29; p = 0.123) were associated with increased chance of exclusive breastfeeding. Qualitative study showed that lack of maternal knowledge on the utility of exclusive breastfeeding was a strong predictor for not practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Most of the mothers interviewed believed that providing food in addition to breastmilk could accelerate the growth of their children. Conclusion: Low maternal education, low maternal knowledge, poor maternal health condition, and low family support are associated with decreased chance of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal age 20-29 years and housewife are associated with increased chance of exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, age, education, knowledge, maternal health condition, maternal working status, family suppor

Vascular endothelial growth factor directly inhibits primitive neural stem cell survival but promotes definitive neural stem cell survival

There are two types of neural stem cells (NSCs). Primitive NSCs [leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) dependent but exogenous fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 independent] can be derived from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro and from embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5) to E7.5 epiblast and E7.5-E8.5 neuroectoderm in vivo. Definitive NSCs (LIF independent but FGF2 dependent) first appear in the E8.5 neural plate and persist throughout life. Primitive NSCs give rise to definitive NSCs. Loss and gain of functions were used to study the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and its receptor, Flk1, in NSCs. The numbers of Flk1 knock-out mice embryo-derived and ES cell-derived primitive NSCs were increased because of the enhanced survival of primitive NSCs. In contrast, neural precursor-specific, Flk1 conditional knock-out mice-derived, definitive NSCs numbers were decreased because of the enhanced cell death of definitive NSCs. These effects were not observed in cells lacking Flt1, another VEGF receptor. In addition, the cell death stimulated by VEGF-A of primitive NSC and the cell survival stimulated by VEGF-A of definitive NSC were blocked by Flk1/Fc-soluble receptors and VEGF-A function-blocking antibodies. These VEGF-A phenotypes also were blocked by inhibition of the downstream effector nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). Thus, both the cell death of primitive NSC and the cell survival of definitive NSC induced by VEGF-A stimulation are mediated by bifunctional NF-kappa B effects. In conclusion, VEGF-A function through Flk1 mediates survival (and not proliferative or fate change) effects on NSCs, specifically

Implementasi Vpn Server Dalam Sistem Informasi Apotek (Studi Kasus Integrasi Sistem Informasi Apotek Santi Pontianak)

Perkembangan teknologi informasi sangat membantu Perusahaan dalam persaingan bisnis. Perluasan USAha dengan membuka cabang diberbagai tempat menyebabkan perlunya dibangun sistem informasi berbasis jaringan dan koneksi basis data. Implementasi Virtual Private Network (VPN) server pada sistem informasi apotik dilakukan dengan perancangan infrastruktur jaringan dan infrastruktur aplikasi.Implementasi VPN hardware based menggunakan mikrotik RB750 sebagai router. Pemodelan jaringan, pemilihan protokol jaringan serta protokol kemanan akan dikonfigurasikan untuk membangun koneksi antar cabang melalui jaringan internet. Integrasi basis data terdistribusi dengan pendekatan full replication. Data akan direplikasi dan disimpan pada semua site. Penyesuaian Database Management System (DBMS), perancangan arsitektur basis data serta konfigurasi integrasi basis data menggunakan galera replication. VPN yang diimplementasikan mampu mendukung integrasi sistem informasi apotek. Basis data terdistribusi yang dibangun mampu memenuhi kebutuhan sehingga memudahkan manajemen untuk memantau perkembangan bisnis serta mengambil langkah bagi kemajuan Perusahaan

Prototype Executive Information System Untuk Mendukung Evaluasi Diri Perguruan Tinggi (Studi Kasus STMIK Duta Bangsa Surakarta)

Evaluasi diri merupakan upaya perguruan tinggi untuk mengetahui gambaran mengenai kinerja dan keadaan perguruan tinggi melalui pengkajian dan analisis berkenaan dengan kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, tantangan, kendala dan ancaman. STMIK Duta Bangsa mempunyai sistem informasi yang sudah terintegrasi yang menghasilkan laporan rekap data transaksi dari masing-masing sistem, tetapi belum menghasilkan laporan-laporan yang diperlukan untuk kegiatan evaluasi diri.Executive Information System adalah sistem informasi berbasis komputer yang ditujukan untuk kebutuhan yang berkaitan dengan pencapaian tujuan organisasi bagi pihak eksekutif. Pengembangan Executive Information System pada perguruan tinggi akan membantu dalam mengetahui keadaan perguruan tinggi setiap saat. Untuk memberikan informasi secara real time dari suatu sistem dapat digunakan model Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). SOA akan menyediakan service yang selalu memberikan data ter-update.Aplikasi Executive Information System menampilkan data dalam bentuk grafik dan tabel yang berfungsi untuk mendukung kegiatan evaluasi. Data diperoleh dengan proses ETL dengan menggunakan Web Service dari masing-masing sistem informasi perguruan tinggi

COLOR-BLIND RACISM BASED ON THE DEAR MARTIN NOVEL BY NIC STONE (2017): A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to identify the color-blind racism contained in the novel Dear Martin. The story in the novel Dear Martin presents several story plots that show acts of racism, be it acts of apparent racism or colorblind racism. Dear Martin novel is a novel that tells about the life of Justyce McAllister and other black races in the United States who experience racist acts. This research is qualitative research, where the main data source is the novel Dear Martin by Nic Stone. Other data sources are taken from various references such as the web, books, and related previous research articles. Data collection techniques in this study using documentation techniques. From the results of data analysis, there are three types of color-blind racism framework contained in this novel: a frame of cultural racism, minimization of racism, and a frame of abstract liberalism

Yield gaps, nutrient use efficiencies and response to fertilisers by maize across heterogeneous smallholder farms of western Kenya

The need to promote fertiliser use by African smallholder farmers to counteract the current decline in per capita food production is widely recognised. But soil heterogeneity results in variable responses of crops to fertilisers within single farms. We used existing databases on maize production under farmer (F-M) and researcher management (R-M) to analyse the effect of soil heterogeneity on the different components of nutrient use efficiency by maize growing on smallholder farms in western Kenya: nutrient availability, capture and conversion efficiencies and crop biomass partitioning. Subsequently, we used the simple model QUEFTS to calculate nutrient recovery efficiencies from the R-M plots and to calculate attainable yields with and without fertilisers based on measured soil properties across heterogeneous farms. The yield gap of maize between F-M and R-M varied from 0.5 to 3 t grain ha-1 season-1 across field types and localities. Poor fields under R-M yielded better than F-M, even without fertilisers. Such differences, of up to 1.1 t ha-1 greater yields under R-M conditions are attributable to improved agronomic management and germplasm. The relative response of maize to N-P-K fertilisers tended to decrease with increasing soil quality (soil C and extractable P), from a maximum of 4.4-fold to -0.5- fold relative to the control. Soil heterogeneity affected resource use efficiencies mainly through effects on the efficiency of resource capture. Apparent recovery efficiencies varied between 0 and 70% for N, 0 and 15% for P, and 0 to 52% for K. Resource conversion efficiencies were less variable across fields and localities, with average values of 97 kg DM kg-1 N, 558 kg DM kg-1 P and 111 kg DM kg-1 K taken up. Using measured soil chemical properties QUEFTS over-estimated observed yields under F-M, indicating that variable crop performance within and across farms cannot be ascribed solely to soil nutrient availability. For the R-M plots QUEFTS predicted positive crop responses to application of 30 kg P ha-1 and 30 kg P ha-1 + 90 kg N ha-1 for a wide range of soil qualities, indicating that there is room to improve current crop productivity through fertiliser use. To ensure their efficient use in sub-Saharan Africa mineral fertilisers should be: (1) targeted to specific niches of soil fertility within heterogeneous farms; and (2) go hand-in-hand with the implementation of agronomic measures to improve their capture and utilisation

Desain Visual Antarmuka Website E-kartu Nikah

Pernikahan yang sah secara agama dan yang tercatat resmi oleh pemerintah ditunjukkan dengan bukti kepemilikan buku nikah. Buku nikah menjadi salah satu dokumen pribadi yang digunakan untuk berbagai kepengurusan dan birokrasi pemerintahan seperti pembuatan pasport, tunjangan keluarga, asuransi dan urusan lainnya. Efektifitas dari segi keamanan maupun dalam penggunaan buku bikah sangatlah perlu untuk ditingkatkan. E-kartu nikah merupakan elektronik buku nikah yang dilengkapi dengan teknologi mikrochip sebagai media penyimpan data dan sebagai kemanan data yang tersimpan didalamnya. Informasi yang tersimpan didalamnya adalah informasi yang ada pada buku nikah. Kartu pintar E-kartu nikah terintegrasi dengan website, dimana pengguna dapat mengakses infromasi menggunakan nomor seri yang ada pada E-kartu nikah. Teknologi microchip yang tertanam pada kartu mempermudah dan mempercepat proses verfikasi data apabila suatu kepengurusan menggunakan alat bantu card reader. Sasaran pengguna website E-kartu nikah mencangkup semua golongan dengan rentang usia diatas 19 tahun. Pada penelitian ini fokus pada perancangan antarmuka website dengan memperhatikan aspek elemen-elemen dasar desain visual pada desain antarmuka dengan menggunakan model prtotipe jenis evolutionary. Hasil akhir dari penilitian ini adalah rancangan kartu pintar terbuat dari plastik dan berukuran 5,4 x 8,6 cm dan website sebagai portal akses E-kartu nikah

Application of elastostatic Green function tensor technique to electrostriction in cubic, hexagonal and orthorhombic crystals

The elastostatic Green function tensor approach, which was recently used to treat electrostriction in numerical simulation of domain structure formation in cubic ferroelectrics, is reviewed and extended to the crystals of hexagonal and orthorhombic symmetry. The tensorial kernels appearing in the expressions for effective nonlocal interaction of electrostrictive origin are derived explicitly and their physical meaning is illustrated on simple examples. It is argued that the bilinear coupling between the polarization gradients and elastic strain should be systematically included in the Ginzburg-Landau free energy expansion of electrostrictive materials.Comment: 4 page

Comparative analysis of homology models of the Ah receptor ligand binding domain: Verification of structure-function predictions by site-directed mutagenesis of a nonfunctional receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the biological and toxic effects of a wide variety of structurally diverse chemicals, including the toxic environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). While significant interspecies differences in AHR ligand binding specificity, selectivity, and response have been observed, the structural determinants responsible for those differences have not been determined, and homology models of the AHR ligand-binding domain (LBD) are available for only a few species. Here we describe the development and comparative analysis of homology models of the LBD of 16 AHRs from 12 mammalian and nonmammalian species and identify the specific residues contained within their ligand binding cavities. The ligand-binding cavity of the fish AHR exhibits differences from those of mammalian and avian AHRs, suggesting a slightly different TCDD binding mode. Comparison of the internal cavity in the LBD model of zebrafish (zf) AHR2, which binds TCDD with high affinity, to that of zfAHR1a, which does not bind TCDD, revealed that the latter has a dramatically shortened binding cavity due to the side chains of three residues (Tyr296, Thr386, and His388) that reduce the amount of internal space available to TCDD. Mutagenesis of two of these residues in zfAHR1a to those present in zfAHR2 (Y296H and T386A) restored the ability of zfAHR1a to bind TCDD and to exhibit TCDD-dependent binding to DNA. These results demonstrate the importance of these two amino acids and highlight the predictive potential of comparative analysis of homology models from diverse species. The availability of these AHR LBD homology models will facilitate in-depth comparative studies of AHR ligand binding and ligand-dependent AHR activation and provide a novel avenue for examining species-specific differences in AHR responsiveness. © 2013 American Chemical Society