Chromatin control of Tat-mediated reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus

Poster presentationInternational audiencen.

Family and institutional care groups: resonances and transmission

Abstract Drawing on a clinical situation that brings together a family affected by adolescence and two institutions, the author considers the interaction between families and institutions and, more precisely, the psychic material brought into play following the cooperation set going in networking. Analysis of the clinical case makes it possible to consider whatever acts across both institutions as the psychodramatic staging of the family scene on the verge of symbolisation. The ideological rifts, the experiences of encroachment, the limits on the work and competence of each professional will be strongly mobilised. These effects, conflictual or not, are unlikely to be acknowledged in their countertransferential form because, as they harm each party's professional narcissism, they very often give rise to ideological rigidification and the reification of the other's positions. The author suggests using as a methodological a priori the consideration of interactions between institutions as working tools for the transmission of the family, particularly during adolescence, when the issue of the limits of the law is brought into the foreground

Les séquences consonne + yod en gallo-romain

Dans un cadre syllabique "CVCV", une séquence Cj issue de la consonification de i / e brefs latins en hiatus est une séquence hétérosyllabique, de type "Coda-Attaque". Ceci implique que j est en position forte ("appuyée") et C en position faible (Coda syllabique). L'évolution en gallo-roman des séquences [labiale + j] confirme l'analyse: yod se renforce en position forte (> dJ) et la labiale s'affaiblit en position faible (> ø). Partant de ce cas, nous montrons qu'il en va de même pour tous les groupes Cj. Le renforcement de yod revêt deux formes différentes: la fortition (affrication en dJ), et la gémination de yod. (Les séquences t + i / e en hiatus appartiennent à une phénoménologie différente.) La substance phonétique apparaît ainsi comme secondaire (non causale) dans les "palatalisations". Ces "palatalisations" impliquant yod sont, fondamentalement, la manifestation d'un processus positionnel.In a 'CVCV' syllabic framework, any Cj cluster resulting from the consonantification of Latin short i / e's in hiatus is a heterosyllabic cluster, of the type 'Coda-Onset'. This implies that j is in the strong position (Onset after a consonant) and C in the weak position (syllabic Coda). The evolution of [labial + j] clusters in Gallo-Romance confirms this analysis: yod is strengthened in the strong position (> dJ), while the labial is weakened in the weak one (> ø). We show that this is true for any Cj cluster as well. The strengthening of yod has two different forms: fortition (affrication to dJ) and gemination of yod. (The case of t + i / e in hiatus belongs to a separate phase.) In so-called 'palatalizations', the phonetic nature of the adjacent segments turns out to be secondary 'palatalizations', and are clearly not the cause of the evolutions. 'Palatalizations' which involve yod essentially instantiate a positional process

La racine consonantique : évidence dans deux langages secrets en berbère tachelhit

Dans cet article, nous argumentons en faveur d’une morphologie à base de racine et gabarit (« Root-and-Template »). Nous montrons que ces deux objets sont les unités de base manipulées dans deux langages secrets de femmes, taqjmit et tagnawt. Les locutrices sont capables d’isoler dans les formes-source tachelhit des suites consonantiques de niveau exclusivement radical, et les transforment ensuite par diverses opérations de déguisement. Dans les deux langages secrets, la racine apparaît comme fondamentalement trilitère ; l’épenthèse (en tagnawt) et la reconversion du matériel affixal en consonnes radicales (en taqjmit) permettent aux racines déficitaires bi- et monoconsonantiques héritées des formes tachelhit d’atteindre cette trilitéralité obligatoire. Quant aux gabarits, ils sont fixes, au nombre de deux, incluant des sites morphologiques prédéfinis, qui déterminent le type d’opérations observées dans les formes déguisées (gémination, réduplication, affixation, etc.). Deux contraintes particulières sont, par ailleurs, définies : répétition stricte en taqjmit et satisfaction du gabarit en entier en tagnawt. Ces contraintes permettent d’expliquer certaines différences formelles entre les deux langages, celles liées en particulier à la taille des formes (régulière en tagnawt mais variable en taqjmit) et au comportement de certaines formations quadriconsonantiques (substitution en tagnawt d’un schwa à une voyelle périphérique).This article offers supporting evidence for the Root-and-Template model of morphology. It is argued that the consonantal root and the template are the basic morphological units handled in Tagnawt and Taqjmit (two secret languages used by women in Tashlhiyt Berber). Speakers are able to extract from Tashlhiyt forms only root consonants, and then disguise them by means of various morphological operations. In both languages, the root appears as fundamentally triliteral ; bi- and monoconsonantals resorting to epenthesis (in Tagnawt) or incorporating affixes as root consonants (in Taqjmit) in order to achieve the required triliterality. As for templates, each of these secret languages displays a fixed-shape template over which certain morphological operations are realized, including gemination, reduplication and affixation. In addition, two major constraints are set, namely strict repetition in Taqjmit and template satisfaction in Tagnawt. These constraints prove necessary in explaining the size variations in Taqjmit forms, as well as the behaviour of certain quadriconsonantal forms in Tagnawt, where the medial vowel a is replaced with schwa [ə]

Mutations affecting interaction of integrase with TNPO3 do not prevent HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into a host cell chromosome is an essential step under the control of the viral integrase (IN). Although this enzyme is necessary and sufficient to catalyze the integration reaction <it>in vitro</it>, cellular cofactors are involved in the process <it>in vivo</it>. The chromatin-associated factor LEDGF/p75 interacts with IN and promotes integration to transcription units of the host genome. HIV-1 IN also binds the karyopherin TNPO3, however the significance of this interaction during viral replication remains to be explored.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we present a functional analysis of IN mutants impaired for LEDGF/p75 and TNPO3 interaction. Among them, IN W131A and IN Q168L, that were previously identified to be deficient for LEDGF/p75 interaction, were also partially impaired for TNPO3 binding. We observed that mutations abolishing IN ability to form tetramers resulted in a severe reduction in LEDGF/p75 binding. In sharp contrast, no correlation could be found between the ability of IN to multimerize and TNPO3 interaction. Most of the mutant viruses were essentially impaired for the integration step whereas the amount of 2-LTR circles, reflecting the nuclear import of the viral DNA, was not significantly affected.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our functional analysis of HIV-1 IN mutants reveals distinct structural basis for TNPO3 interaction and suggests that the interaction between IN and TNPO3 is not a major determinant of nuclear import but could take place at a nuclear step prior to integration.</p

High efficacy of lopinavir/r-based second-line antiretroviral treatment after 24 months of follow up at ESTHER/Calmette Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The number of patients on second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens is increasing in resource-limited settings. We describe the outcomes after 24 months for patients on LPV/r-based second-line regimens followed up by the ESTHER programme in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Seventy patients who initiated second-line HAART regimens more than 24 months earlier were included, and immuno-virological data analyzed. HIV RNA viral load was determined by real-time RT-PCR. HIV-1 drug resistance was interpreted according to the ANRS algorithm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 70 patients, two were lost to follow up, three died and 65 (92.8%) remained on second-line treatment after 24 months of follow up (median duration of treatment: 27.4 months). At switch to second-line, the median CD4 T cell count was 106 cells/mm³and the median viral load was 4.7 Log₁₀. Second-line regimens prescribed were ddI/3TC/LPV_/r(65.7%), ddI/TDF/LPV_/r(10.0%), ddI/AZT/LPV_/r(8.6%) and TDF/3TC/LPV_/r(7.1%). The median CD4 T cell gain was +258 cells/mm³at 24 months (n = 63). After 24 months of follow up, 92.3% (60/65) of the patients presented undetectable viral loads, giving an overall treatment success rate of 85.7% (CI: 75.6- 92.0) in intent-to-treat analysis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data suggest that a LPV_/r-based second-line regimen is associated with a high rate of virological suppression and immune reconstitution after 24 months of follow up in Cambodia.</p

Splitting ‘intervocalic’: Expanding the typology of lenition environments

The basic types of lenition environments (‘initial’, ‘intervocalic’, ‘final’) need to be separately evaluated as they differ along parameters like word position (e.g., pre-consonantal vs. final codas) or stress relations. This paper argues that we need to recognise an additional such parameter: the length of the vowel preceding an intervocalic consonant. We show that a number of phenomena from varieties of English and German show lenition patterns which draw a distinction between reflexes found in post-short (vc) and post-long (vvc) environments. The theoretical consequence of our observations is that phonological theory needs to be able to account for the post-short vs. post-long distinction in the form of a parametrically-determined representational difference

Apophony and chiming words in Malay

International audienc

The Phonology of 'Idle Glottis' Consonants in the Mehri of Oman (Modern South Arabian)

International audienc