Tévhitek az autonómiáról: Székelyföld autonómiájának alkotmányossága = Misbeliefs about Autonomy: The Constitutionality of the Autonomy of Szeklerland

Hypothesis Methodology and Sources --- There is an overarching agreement in Romanian politics, that a territorial autonomy arrangement would violate the constitution of the country, and is therefore not feasible. This theoretical concept arises from the misinterpretation of the connection between state and autonomy, and as such can be falsified by the experiences of the functioning autonomies, as well as by international law and the corresponding scientific literature. Consequently, my main hypothesis was that the territorial autonomy of Szeklerland does not contradict the constitutional order of Romania. I analysed this hypothesis through legal doctrinal analysis, and comparative legal analysis based on the relevant legal material: The Constitution and laws of Romania; The two Opinions of the Legislative Council of the Parliament of Romania on the rejection of the Draft Law on the Autonomous Status of Szeklerland; Decision Nr. 80/2014 of the Constitutional Court rejecting the constitutional amendments proposed by the Special Committee of the Parliament; relevant decrees of the Prefect’s of Romania; the Statutes of European autonomies, as well as the constitutions and laws of their host countries; international legal material ratified by Romania. The issue of the constitutionality of territorial autonomy within Romania emerges every now and then, depending on the political discourse in the country, but extensive scientific scrutiny has so far avoided the topic. In this respect, the novelty of my theoretical approach was twofold: 1.) The constitutional aspects of a Szekler autonomy arrangement in themselves were largely neglected within academia, leaving behind a gap that is very much ripe for scientific review. 2.) Additionally, even if the topic was discussed, it was mostly done within the framework of the “nation-state discourse”, and all the natural conceptual restraints thereof. My dissertation surpassed these constraints, along with some of the most widespread, albeit false presuppositions and misconceptions surrounding the issue at hand. Ultimately, I invited the reader to engage in a mind-game, in order to deconstruct the “constitutional myth” regarding autonomy. --- Novelty conclusions of the dissertation --- • Conclusions of the conducted legal doctrinal analysis, and comparative legal analysis proved that the assumption that autonomy would contradict the constitutional order, and violate the unitary, indivisible, and national character of the Romanian state, arises from the misinterpretation of the connection between state and autonomy. • Chapters 1, and 152 of the Constitution of Romania (stipulating and protecting the above characteristics), are thus of no legal relevance, and cannot be understood as an effective constitutional legal barrier. • Territorial autonomy as an institutional solution does not contradict the constitutional order of Romania. There are no provisions in the Romanian legal system whatsoever, which would constitute a legal obstacle to the creation of an autonomous region. • There are only political obstacles, which tend to be wrapped and presented as legal ones, due to historical resentments towards Hungarians, and the centuries long Romanian endeavour to establish an ethnically homogenous nation state. • While on the one hand we see no constitutional barrier to autonomy, on the other hand: the notion of autonomy is not at all alien to the constitution, as it makes references to several forms of it (personal, functional, and administrative). Furthermore, if one reads the constitution without an ethnocentric mind-set, and in junction with international treaties on minority protection ratified by Romanian, one could easily adopt a more pluralistic interpretation of the constitution, open to accommodate minority claims on ethnic-power sharing

Arioso für Violine und Clavier

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Rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Africa, America and Europe : results from 13 perinatal studies

The goal of this exercise was to provide estimates of the mother-to-child transmission rate (TR) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), calculated according to standardized methods. Prospective cohort studies in Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the USA observed from birth children born to women known to be HIV infected at the time of delivery. TRs were calculated and compared by investigators during a meeting in Ghent (Belgium) in September 1993 according to agreed methodology. TRs were calculated following the direct and the indirect methods developed in 1992 by the Ghent Working Group. The direct method uses a classification of children born to HIV-seropositive mothers according to their probable HIV infection status at 15 months of age or before, if they die or are lost to follow-up. Minimum, intermediate, and maximum estimates of TR are computed depending on how children classified as indeterminate are counted. The indirect method is applied for studies with a comparison cohort of children born to HIV-seronegative mothers. TRs in developed countries ranged from 14 to 25% with the direct method (intermediate estimate). In the developing world, they ranged from 13 to 42% with the direct method, from 21 to 43% with the indirect method, and most of the studies reported a TR in the range of 25 to 30%. With use of a standardized methodology, the overall TR of HIV-1 tends to be higher in Africa than in Europe or the USA. The variation in TRs is probably due to differences in factors associated with increased risk of transmission. This is of importance for the design and implementation of trials evaluating interventions aimed at reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. (Résumé d'auteur

Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: Review of Management and Controversies

Upper extremity fractures account for up to 90% of pediatric fractures. Among these fractures Supracondylar Humerus fractures are one of the commonest requiring surgical intervention and have a high prevalence of associated short term complications such as nerve injuries and long term complications such as cubitus varus. The epidemiology, classifications, clinical evaluation and complications of this fracture is hereby comprehensively reviewed along with controversies in management and available guidelines

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Alam terhadap Motivasi Belajar Anak Kelompok B

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nature-based learning media on the learning motivation of group B. This study is experimental quantitative research (one group pretest-posttest design). This study used a sample of 25 children. The result of research that has been done, the pretest data obtained and average value of 17,52 and the posttest data obtained an average value of 34,48. These results indicate that there is an influence of nature-based learning media on the learning motivation of group B

Is head-shaft angle a valuable continuous risk factor for hip migration in cerebral palsy?

BACKGROUND: Reimer's migration percentage (MP) is the most established radiographic risk factor for hip migration in cerebral palsy (CP), and it assists surgical decision-making. The head-shaft angle (HSA) measures the valgus of the head and neck in relation to the shaft and may also be a useful predictor of hip migration at a young age. This study first defined normal values and investigated whether the head-shaft angle (HSA) is a continuous risk factor for hip migration in CP. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty AP pelvic radiographs of 100 consecutive children comprising the hip surveillance programme in our region were analysed for MP and HSA. Inclusion criteria were children with spastic CP and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels of III-V, along with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The mean age was 8.8 (range 3-18) years and the mean follow-up time was 7.5 (range 5-10) years. Radiographs of 103 typically developing children (TDC) were selected for the control group. The reliability of the measurements was determined. A random effects analysis was used to assess the relationship between MP and HSA for all data and for MP > 40 %. RESULTS: The TDC cohort had a mean HSA of 157.7° whilst that for the CP cohort was 161.7°. The value declined with age in both groups but remained consistently higher in the CP group. A random effects analysis considering the longitudinal data showed that there was no significant effect of HSA on MP. Similarly, when excluding CP patients with MP < 40 %, there was no significant effect of HSA on MP. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no correlation between HSA and hip migration in children with CP in this age group. Using the HSA as a routine radiographic measure in the management pathway across childhood does not offer any added value. Early enrolment onto the hip surveillance programme could offer a better prediction of hip migration using the HSA at a very young age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II retrospective prognostic study

Effectiveness of the Institutional and Technical Planning Frameworks in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria

Most planning authorities in developing economies are not effective due to poor urban and regional planning systems making it almost impossible to control urban development and management of urban areas, leading to the haphazard urban development and poor management bringing about disproportionate distribution of resources in terms of basic infrastructure. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to examine the effectiveness of the institutional and technical planning frameworks in terms of Urban Development and Management (UDM) in Jos metropolis Nigeriaby identifying the factors that determines the effectiveness of the urban governance and management as well as identify and examining the urban planning system towards ensuring an effective urban controlled development and management in Jos metropolis Nigeria. The research approach adopted is qualitative and quantitative with deductive-inductive reasoning. The strategy used is “mixed method” and the instruments employed were questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, case studies documents reviewed with planning authorities in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. The quantitative data sets obtained were analysed using Spearman ranks correlation coefficient (rho) and the qualitative data were analysed using thematic and content analysis. Statistically, the results showed that the components of the institutions (UG) and technical (UM) all have very strong statistical correlation. Based on the study results recommendations are proffered to practitioners, academia and policy makers