Summarizing the screening for Bonamia ostreae in Norwegian populations of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis

Surveillance and studies performed by The Norwegian Institute of Marine Research and the Norwegian Veterinary Institute has never revealed notifiable diseases in Norwegian populations of European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis. In 2006, microcells resembling the oyster parasite Bonamia sp. were observed during histopathological examination of tissue specimens of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis from the Arendal area, southern Norway. The cells were however not interprated as B. ostreae and PCR-analysis of samples from this oyster population were negative. In 2008, the EU reference laboratory (EURL) received samples from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and reported one Bonamia sp. in a haemocyte from one oyster, based on microscopy. By real-time PCR, positive results were obtained from two oysters in one triplicate sample. Sequencing of the PCR products gave 100% identity with B. ostreae. After this diagnose, both the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and The Institute of Marine Research have monitored the population. The results are briefly reported here. The observed microcells were found in most samples since the sampling at the site was initiated, always at a low prevalence and intensity. No inflammation, pathology or reductions of the oyster's condition have been associated with the observation. The population appears healthy, with a normal reproductive cycle pattern. Several year classes have been present throughout the study period. Since 2009, more than 3 000 oysters have been examined. Bonamia sp. has never been detected, and all PCR assays have been negative.publishedVersio

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2017

Overvåkingsprogrammet for sykdommene bonamiose og marteiliose i flatøsters og blåskjell utføres av Havforskningsinstituttet på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet. Det ble hentet skjell fra fire ville bestander og ett østersanlegg, basert på utbredelsen av ville skjell og strukturen i østersnæringen. Prøver ble samlet inn i April/Mai og i Oktober, som er de periodene hvor prevalensen av parasittene Bonamia sp. og Marteilia sp. er høyest i smittede bestander. Det ble ikke observert unormal dødelighet verken vår eller høst. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa ble ikke påvist. Det er kommet inn en rekke rapporter om at blåskjell «forsvinner» mange steder langs kysten. Årsakene til dette er ikke kjent. Parasitten Marteilia sp. ble imidlertid for første gang påvist I blåskjell, Mytilus edulis, på Bømlo i 2016. Denne påvisningen er fulgt opp med en utvidet prøvetaking i HI-prosjekt Blåskjelldødelighet (83737-04) i 2017. Det er gjort prøvetaking av blåskjell hver tredje måned og samlet inn fauna fra funnstedet og blåskjell fra områder i nærheten. Østers fra funnstedet ser ikke ut til å bli smittet av Marteilia sp. Genetiske studier av Marteilia spp. Fra England, Sverige og Norge (Bømlo) er inkludert i en studie som er gjort i EU-prosjektet VIVALDI. Marteilia sp. fra disse områdene er ulik Marteilia refringens som forårsaker sykdom hos flatøsters og er foreslått gitt navnet Marteilia pararefringens. Det ser således ut til at Marteilia refringens og Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. er ulike arter med ulike vertsarter (hhv østers og blåskjell). Studiene videreføres i 2018, som en kombinasjon av overvåkingsprogrammet og forskningsprosjektet.publishedVersio

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2018

The surveillance programme is carried out by the Institute of Marine Research according to a contract with the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Samples were collected from four wild beds, two mussel farms and one oyster farm. Samples were collected in April/May and in October, in order to be able to detect Bonamia sp. and Marteilia sp. during the periods when the potential prevalence could be at the highest. No abnormal mortalities were observed in oyster populations during the surveillance. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa were not detected. The results may be used as a background for an application for disease free status for Norwegian flat oysters. There have been several reports on mortality or “disappearance” of mussels along the Norwegian coast. The reason(s) for the mortalities have not been determined. However, the parasite Marteilia sp. was detected for the first time in mussels, Mytilus edulis at Bømlo, western Norway, collected during the surveillance programme in 2016. This has been followed up with an extended survey in the IMR research project Mussel mortalities (83737-04). We have performed transmission experiments that identify the time period of infection and the progress of the infection in mussels. Analyses of samples collected in July 2018 indicate that the parasite may be present in an abandoned oyster lagoon at Espevik, Tysnes. The results from the research project indicate that the Marteilia sp detected is limited to mussels. Flat oysters at the same site do not become infected. This is relevant to the listing of susceptible hosts for Marteilia spp. A genetic study of Marteilia spp. from the UK, Sweden and the present site at Aga has been included in a study in the EU-project VIVALDI. The name Marteilia pararefringens has been proposed, and there is strong evidence that Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions. After the detection of M. pararefringens in mussels, it is important to obtain more data from mussels along the Norwegian coast. Mussels from Trøndelag in 2018 represented the first samples from mussels north of Bergen. In order to obtain a better set of data, we propose an extended surveillance that could be obtained through a revised surveillance progamme combined with a new model for health control in mollusk farms.publishedVersio

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2016

The surveillance programme was carried out in accordance with the model established in 2015, including four wild beds and one oyster farm, based on the present distribution of wild beds, and the structure of the oyster industry. Samples were collected in April/May and in October, in order to be able to detect Bonamia sp. and Marteilia sp. during the periods when the potential prevalence could be at the highest. No abnormal mortalities were observed in oyster populations during the surveillance. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa or microcells resembling Bonamia spp. were not detected during the surveillance programme in 2016. There have been several reports on mortality or “disappearance” of mussels along the Norwegian coast. The reason(s) for the mortalities have not been determined. From one mortality event, at Ytre Hvaler, Østfold, South-eastern Norway, in September 2016, live, presumably moribund mussels were sent to IMR and examined. Affected mussels showed infiltration of bacteria in digestive and connective tissues. Bacteria have been isolated, cultured and frozen for subsequent analysis. No parasites were observed. Marteilia refringens was detected for the first time in mussels, Mytilus sp. collected at Bømlo, western Norway in October. The prevalence was 50% and most infected mussels exhibited a heavy infection with sporulating Marteilia cells in the digestive epithelia, and affected tissues. A plan for extended survey and a study of the Marteilia refringens in affected mussels has been initiated.publishedVersio

PENGARUH MOTIVASI MAHASISWA TERHADAP KEMINATAN PROFESI AKUNTAN PUBLIK : Studi Kasus Pada Program Studi Akuntansi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh motivasi mahasiswa terhadap keminatan profesi akuntan publik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada program studi Akuntansi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia angkatan 2011 sampai 2014. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan kausalitas. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil pengisian kuesioner. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi mahasiswa berupa penghargaan finansial dan pertimbangan pasar berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keminatan profesi Akuntan Publik. Sedangkan motivasi mahasiswa berupa lingkungan kerja dan nilai-nilai sosial berpengaruh negatif. Dan secara meyeluruh, motivasi mahasiswa berpengaruh negatif terhadap keminatan profesi Akuntan Publik. Kata kunci: Motivasi Mahasiswa, Keminatan Profesi, Akuntan Publik. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of college student motivation toward of public accountant profession interest. This research was conducted to Accounting student at Universitas Pendidkan Indonesia from 2011 up to 2014 grade. Descriptive and causality method used in this research with primary data which from the questionnaires. It is concluded that motivation of college students which form in financial rewards and market considerations have positive and significant impact toward of Public Accountant profession. While the motivation of college students which form in working environment and social values have negative impact. And simultaneously, college student motivation have negative impact toward interest of Public Accountant profession. Keywords: College Student Motivation, Profession Interest, Public Accountan

Meldinger om blåskjell som er forsvunnet – oppsummering for 2016

I løpet av de siste årene har Havforskningsinstituttet mottatt et økende antall meldinger fra publikum om at blåskjell er blitt borte fra steder hvor de vanligvis sanker skjell. I denne rapporten har vi sammenstilt innmeldte observasjoner for 2016. Målet med rapporten er å undersøke om det er fellestrekk mellom de ulike lokaliteter som kan forklare hvorfor blåskjellene er blitt borte. Antallet henvendelser angående forsvunne blåskjell var 48 for 2016, og det er om lag 10 ganger høyrer sammenlignet med tidligere år. Det er også kommet inn meldinger fra et langt større geografisk område enn tidligere. Det er rimelig å anta at økning i antallet meldinger og nye steder er knyttet til medieomtale av saken, men økningen skyldes ikke utelukkende dette da trenden var økende innen saken ble omtalt i media. Samtidig med meldingene om fravær av blåskjell fra lokaliteter langs hele norskekysten, ble det også rapportert om tilsynelatende normale blåskjellbestander på lokaliteter i nærheten. En vurdering av mulige årsaker (isskuring, ferskvannsavrenning, økt beiting, næringsvirksomhet, temperatur og miljøgifter) indikerer at det ikke er en felles grunn til bortfall av lokale blåskjellbestander langs hele norskekysten, men dette betyr ikke at de ulike hypotesene kan utelukkes for enkelte av lokalitetene. Det er rapportert om dødelighet av blåskjell også fra Nederland og Frankrike, i noen tilfeller med mistanke om sykdom. Fremover ser vi et behov for å kartlegge og beskrive nedgangen i blåskjellforekomster langs norskekysten og undersøke tilfeller av akutt dødelighet i blåskjellbestander

Eksperimentell smitte av grønngylt, Symphodus melops, med V.tapetis - isolatene CECT 4600, LP2 og NRP45

The use of wrasse (Labridae) as cleanerfish in salmonid aquaculture is the only method for removal of salmon lice that does not have any negative impact on the environment. The use of wild-caught wrasse has increased during the past few years due to increasing problems with salmon lice developing resistance to chemotherapeutica. The use of wrasse is not ethically acceptable, due to a continuous loss of wrasse in the salmon farms, resulting in an unacceptably high use of wrasse. One of the species used is the corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops). Previous studies indicate that this species is susceptible to disease caused by Vibrio bacteria. Detection of Vibrio tapetis (LP2) in Norwegian corkwing wrasse was the first detection of this bacterium in fish and the first detection in Norway. In this Master thesis, V. tapetis LP2 was used in a series of challenge experiments with wild-caught corkwing wrasse. In addition to LP2, two other V. tapetis strains from clams were used; the reference strain CECT 4600 from Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) in France and NRP45, from Manila clams introduced in Norway. Three experiments were performed: Corkwing wrasse were challenged with three doses of LP2 by bath challenge and intraperitonal injections in order to choose the better challenge method. The results were not consistent, but bath challenge with >106 CFU x ml-1was considered a reliable method, and applied in the following experiments. The next experiment was performed in order to study the effect of increasing temperature on LP2 challenge. Fish were challenged with 107 CFU x ml-1 at 6, 9, 12 and 15 °C respectively. The results revealed a trend of increased mortality at increasing temperatures, and a significantly higher mortality was measured at 15 °C than at 6 °C. In the third experiment, fish was challenged with LP2, CECT 4600 and NRP 45. LP2 was re-isolated from dead fish, whereas the other two strains were not. V. tapetis was also isolated from fish that were challenged with CECT 4600 and NRP 45. The results show that V. tapetis may be pathogenic to corkwing wrasse, but mortality was however not higher in the LP2 challenged groups than in the other groups. Other fish that died during the experiment died due to infections with other Vibrio spp, and revealed the same pathology as LP2 infected fish. The results indicate that corkwing wrasse carry Vibrios, and that in particular V. tapetis and V. splendidus strains may cause disease when corkwing wrasse are kept in captivity. Experiments were carried out from June until September. Comparing the results from the different experiments, we found a high mortality of females caught during the spawning season, and the catch of corkwing wrasse should thus be avoided in this period. The results presented in this thesis may be used as a background for further studies of bacterial diseases of wild caught wrasse, improve wrasse welfare and move us a step further on the way to obtain a sustainable use of wrasse as cleaner fish in the growing salmonid aquaculture

Health surveillance of the flat oyster populations in Aust-Agder County, southern Norway in the period 2009 – 2015

Norwegian populations of European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, have been considered free from notifiable diseases. In 2006, microcells resembling the oyster parasite Bonamia sp. were observed during histopathological examination of tissue specimens of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis from the Arendal area, southern Norway. In 2008, the EU reference laboratory received samples from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, and reported one Bonamia sp. in a haemocyte from one oyster. By real-time PCR, positive results were obtained from two oysters in one triplicate sample. Sequencing of the PCR products gave 100% identity with B. ostreae. After this diagnose, both the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and The Institute of Marine Research have monitored the population. The observed microcells have been observed since the sampling at the site was initiated, always at a low prevalence and intensity. No inflammation, pathology or reductions of the oyster's condition have been associated with the observation. The population appears healthy, with a normal reproductive cycle pattern. Several cohorts have been present throughout the study period. Since 2009, more than 2 200 oysters have been examined by histology, and samples from 581 of the oysters have been analyzed by PCR, all with negative results. The situation has thus been stable since 2006. A 10 years long sub-clinical Bonamia infection seems unlikely. If the diagnosis from 2009 is correct, Bonamia must be present at a very low prevalence, escaping PCR detection due to the sample sizes in the present study and living in co-existence with the oysters, thus not killing its host. One possible explanation is that the observed cells are not closely related to Bonamia ostreae, but another organism not detected by the assays used. We will perform a new extraction of DNA from haemocytes during spring and summer 2016, when the microcells are presumably present. As the situation has been unchanged for 10 years, there is no need to sample 150 oysters every six months. The sample size may be reduced to 60. We recommend however restrictions on the movement of bivalve into, and out of, this area, until results from the sampling in spring 2016 has been analyzed and reported

Summarizing the screening for Bonamia ostreae in Norwegian populations of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis

Surveillance and studies performed by The Norwegian Institute of Marine Research and the Norwegian Veterinary Institute has never revealed notifiable diseases in Norwegian populations of European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis. In 2006, microcells resembling the oyster parasite Bonamia sp. were observed during histopathological examination of tissue specimens of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis from the Arendal area, southern Norway. The cells were however not interprated as B. ostreae and PCR-analysis of samples from this oyster population were negative. In 2008, the EU reference laboratory (EURL) received samples from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and reported one Bonamia sp. in a haemocyte from one oyster, based on microscopy. By real-time PCR, positive results were obtained from two oysters in one triplicate sample. Sequencing of the PCR products gave 100% identity with B. ostreae. After this diagnose, both the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and The Institute of Marine Research have monitored the population. The results are briefly reported here. The observed microcells were found in most samples since the sampling at the site was initiated, always at a low prevalence and intensity. No inflammation, pathology or reductions of the oyster's condition have been associated with the observation. The population appears healthy, with a normal reproductive cycle pattern. Several year classes have been present throughout the study period. Since 2009, more than 3 000 oysters have been examined. Bonamia sp. has never been detected, and all PCR assays have been negative