The surveillance programme was carried out in accordance with the model established in 2015, including four wild beds and one oyster farm, based on the present distribution of wild beds, and the structure of the oyster industry. Samples were collected in April/May and in October, in order to be able to detect Bonamia sp. and Marteilia sp. during the periods when the potential prevalence could be at the highest. No abnormal mortalities were observed in oyster populations during the surveillance. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa or microcells resembling Bonamia spp. were not detected during the surveillance programme in 2016. There have been several reports on mortality or “disappearance” of mussels along the Norwegian coast. The reason(s) for the mortalities have not been determined. From one mortality event, at Ytre Hvaler, Østfold, South-eastern Norway, in September 2016, live, presumably moribund mussels were sent to IMR and examined. Affected mussels showed infiltration of bacteria in digestive and connective tissues. Bacteria have been isolated, cultured and frozen for subsequent analysis. No parasites were observed. Marteilia refringens was detected for the first time in mussels, Mytilus sp. collected at Bømlo, western Norway in October. The prevalence was 50% and most infected mussels exhibited a heavy infection with sporulating Marteilia cells in the digestive epithelia, and affected tissues. A plan for extended survey and a study of the Marteilia refringens in affected mussels has been initiated.publishedVersio

Jelmert, Anders

Mortensen, Stein Håkon

Skår, Cecilie Kristin

Sælemyr, Lisbeth

English

Brage IMR

RAPPORT  FRA  HAVFORSKNINGENNr. 18–2017Stein Mortensen, Lisbeth Sælemyr, Cecilie K. Skår and Anders Jelmert The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2016www.imr.noISSN 1893-4536 (online)   Summary The surveillance programme was carried out in accordance with the model established in 2015, including four wild beds and one oyster farm, based on the present distribution of wild beds, and the structure of the oyster industry. Samples were collected in April/May and in October, in order to be able to detect Bonamia sp. and Marteilia sp. during the periods when the potential prevalence could be at the highest.   No abnormal mortalities were observed in oyster populations during the surveillance. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa or microcells resembling Bonamia spp. were not detected during the surveillance programme in 2016.  There have been several reports on mortality or “disappearance” of mussels along the Norwegian coast. The reason(s) for the mortalities have not been determined. From one mortality event, at Ytre Hvaler, Østfold, South-eastern Norway, in September 2016, live, presumably moribund mussels were sent to IMR and examined. Affected mussels showed infiltration of bacteria in digestive and connective tissues. Bacteria have been isolated, cultured and frozen for subsequent analysis. No parasites were observed.  Marteilia refringens was detected for the first time in mussels, Mytilus sp. collected at Bømlo, western Norway in October. The prevalence was 50% and most infected mussels exhibited a heavy infection with sporulating Marteilia cells in the digestive epithelia, and affected tissues. A plan for extended survey and a study of the Marteilia refringens in affected mussels has been initiated.   Introduction Norwegian populations of European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, have been considered free from notifiable diseases. In 2006, microcells resembling the oyster parasite Bonamia sp. were observed during histopathological examination of tissue specimens of flat oysters, Ostrea edulis from the Arendal area, southern Norway. In 2008, the EU reference laboratory received samples from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, and reported one Bonamia sp. in a haemocyte from one oyster. By real-time PCR, positive results were obtained from two oysters in one triplicate sample. The parasite has however never been detected during examination carried out by the National Veterinary Institute or Institute of Marine Research. Since 2009, more than 2 500 oysters have been examined by histology and/or PCR, all with negative results. The situation has thus been stable since 2006 (see 2015 report and Mortensen et al. 2016).   The surveillance programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. was revised in 2015. This report briefly gives an overview of the present situation, results from 2016 and suggestion for the 2017 sampling.       Material and methods The surveillance was performed according to EU directive 2006/88 and Decision 2015/1554. The sampling strategy, including wild beds and bivalve farms in operation, was revised in January 2015, and used as a background for the targeted surveillance also in 2016.   Sampling periods were defined according to the periods when the highest prevalence of Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia sp. (spores) have been detected in the northernmost areas where they have been detected (Engelsma et al. 2010; A. Alfjorden pers.comm).  The selected sampling sites are shown in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1.    At Hui, Hafrsfjord and Langestrand, oysters and mussels were collected by skin-diving or wading in April and October and transported to the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Bergen. At Sveio, oysters and mussels were collected by the shellfish farmer and delivered to, or sent to, IMR Bergen by over-night mail (Table 1).    At Ytre Hvaler, Østfold: an acute mortality occurred in September. Live, presumably moribund mussels were sent to IMR by over-night mail. Imprints were prepared from pieces of digestive gland from 30 mussels. Standard sections for histology were prepared from 30 mussels as described below. Bacteria were collected according to SOP from EURL: Haemolymph was withdrawn from the sinus of the posterior adductor muscle of 5 mussels, without opening the mussels. Haemolymph was diluted in sterile seawater and plated onto Marine agar. Petri dishes were incubated at 20 C for 48-72 hours, harvested and frozen for later analyses.   All oysters and mussels were processed at the IMR laboratory in Bergen, according to standard methodology. Briefly; Tissue imprints were stained with Hemacolor, covered and observed as described below. Histology was performed using dorso-ventral cross sections, fixed in Davidson’s fixative, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 3µm, stained with Hematoxylin Eosin Saffron (HES), mounted with a cover slip and observed at 100 to 1000 x magnification.  Additional oysters were collected at Langestrand in 2015, and analyzed in 2016. Due to the combination of the microcells observed in 2015 and the negative PCR results, we collected extra haemolymph samples from Langestrand in 2016. We collected 30 samples in May, 20 samples from September and 20 samples in October.  In order to obtain a higher number of target cells for the observed microcells, approximately 2 ml haemolymph was withdrawn from the adductor muscle of each oyster. Haemocytes were pelleted, DNA isolated and tested for Bonamia sp.  real-time PCR as described above (Marty et al. 2006 and Corbeil et al 2006).   After the observation of Marteilia sp. by histology, DNA was extracted from ethanol fixed mussel (Aga and Ytre Hvaler (see above) and oyster (Aga) digestive gland tissues. The oysters from Bømlo were sampled at the same time and location as the infected mussels. (Table 1) Real-time PCR and traditional PCR were performed on these samples according to the SOP from EURL. Marteilia refringens detection and typing was done with by Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction, and as described by Le Roux et al (2001).           Figure 1. Yellow circles indicate the sampling sites for flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) and mussels (Mytilus sp.). The blue circle indicates the sampling site at Ytre Hvaler, where mussels were collected in October.    Table 1. Sampling and surveillance sites for flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) and mussels (Mytilus sp.) in 2016.  Sampling site Oysters  Mussels   Spring Autumn Autumn  Ytre Hvaler, Østfold   60  Langestrand, Aust-Agder 150 30  148 20 + 20 30  Extra; PCR on haemocytes Hafrsfjord, Rogaland 30 30 30  Sveio, Hordaland 30 30 30  Aga, Bømlo, Hordaland 30 30 30      Results  Langestrand, Aust-Agder  The site was inspected by skin diving in May 2016. Dense oyster beds were observed down to approximately 4 m depth, with several cohorts present. There was no sign of abnormal mortality. Few adult Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were observed between the flat oysters. During sampling, Pacific oyster spat were observed on and in-between flat oyster shells and on pebbles in the inter-tidal zone.   During examination of the flat oysters, gross morphology of shells and soft parts appeared normal. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa or microcells resembling Bonamia spp. were not detected.   Also during sampling in October, there was no sign of abnormal mortality. Microcells were not observed during the histological examination. The oysters appeared in good health.  PCR analysis of haemocyte samples from May, September and October were negative for Bonamia sp. while positive and negative controls gave expected results.   Mussels appeared normal, however most specimens had green pustules, presumably representing infections with the parasitic algae Coccomyxa parasitica (see Mortensen et al. 2005). Marteilia sp. was not observed.   Hafrsfjord, Rogaland Samples were collected at Sørnes in May and October (Table 1). Dense, patchy oyster beds were observed down to approximately 3 m depth, with several cohorts present. There was no sign of abnormal mortality. A few adult Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were observed between the flat oysters on shallow water. During examination of the flat oysters, perforations due to Polydora sp. infestations were observed in shells from all oysters. Gross morphology of soft parts appeared normal. Bonamia sp. or Marteilia sp. were not observed.    Sveio, Hordaland No pathogens or abnormalities were observed.    Aga, Bømlo, Hordaland Condition index of the oysters was low. No pathogens were observed by histology. Marteilia sp. was detected for the first time in mussels, Mytilus sp. collected at Bømlo, western Norway in October. The prevalence was 50% and most infected mussels exhibited a heavy infection with sporulating Marteilia cells in the digestive epithelia, and affected tissues. Two specimens had low infections of Marteilia in primary stage in digestive duct epithelia.   PCR and sequencing verified that this was Marteilia refringens type M. (Le Roux et al 2001). There were 16 positive samples positive among the mussels. Marteilia was not observed by histology in the oysters, but 10 of 30 oyster samples were positive by PCR. Sequencing verified that it was the same type as in the mussels (M. refringens type M). Histological slides as well as tissue samples were sent to EURL (IFREMER, France). The diagnose was verified. OIE and EU have been notified. A plan for extended survey and a study of the Marteilia refringens in affected mussels has been initiated, and the first additional samples were collected in April 2017.    Ytre Hvaler, Østfold  Moribund mussels showed infiltration of bacteria in digestive and connective tissues. Bacteria have been isolated, cultured and frozen for subsequent analysis. No parasites were observed. Marteilia PCR was negative.   Discussion and conclusions  The flat oyster populations examined appears healthy, with a normal reproductive cycle pattern. The oysters from Aga appear in relatively poor condition, with low condition index. This is probably due to food limitation. At Langestrand, several cohorts have been present throughout the study period. All samples since 2008 have been Bonamia negative (Mortensen et al. 2016). The situation has thus been stable since 2006. An 11 years long sub-clinical Bonamia infection seems unlikely, taking into account that this oyster bed experiences extremely variable conditions through the seasons. All extra samples of haemocytes taken in May, September and October and analyzed with PCR were Bonamia negative. These analyses should have increased the sensitivity of the diagnostic survey significantly: The samples constituted several million haemocytes from each oyster, and haemocytes are target cells for Bonamia spp. In situ hybridization testing of paraffin embedded tissues are often used as a confirmatory test, in addition to PCR. An in situ hybridization testing of paraffin embedded tissues from oysters sampled in 2015 (see 2016 report) is in progress. We consider the bivalves examined in 2016 as negative with regard to Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa. Due to the fact that the situation is stable (and negative) we suggest that autumn sampling is reduced to 30 or 50 oysters.  The detection of Marteilia refringens in mussels collected at Aga in October 2016 was surprising. Samples collected by the Norwegian Veterinary Institute in 2014 were negative. This means that Marteilia may have been overlooked, were absent (introduced after 2014 or samples were collected during a period where the parasite was not present in the target tissues).Samples from 2014 should be re-examined and the sampling date used in an analysis of the parasite presumed life cycle and sporulation in the mussels. The oysters collected in the poll, close to the mussels, were histology negative but PCR positive, and sequencing showed that also the oysters had M. refringens type M. The positive PCR signals may be due to the presence of Marteilia spores released from the mussels. The role of oysters as potential vectors has to be investigated.  The sampling point is an oyster poll. When following up the case, we will go through all movements of oyster spat in and out of the site, in order to design an extended sampling scheme. This will be followed up with an extended survey of wild and farmed mussels and a study of the life cycle, potential intermediate hosts in the poll fauna, in particular zooplankton during the summer season. The plan for the extended survey as well as a potential revision of the surveillance programme will be discussed with the competent authorities.   Acknowledgements Thanks to Ingrid U. Fiksdal, Anne Torsvik and Lavina Lubjek for technical assistance.     References   Corbeil, S., Arzul, I., Robert. M., Berthe, F.C.J., Besnard-Cochennec, N., Crane, M.S.J. (2006). Molecular characterization of an Australian isolate of Bonamia exitiosa. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 71:82-85.  Engelsma, M.Y., Kerhoff, S., Roozenburg, I., Haenen, O.L.M., van Gool, A., Sistermans, W., Wijnhoven, S., Hummel, H. (2010). Epidemiology of Bonamia ostreae infecting European flat oysters Ostrea edulis from Lake Grevelingen, The Netherlands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 409: 131 – 142.  EU. Council directive 2006/88/EC of 24 October 2006 on animal health requirements for aquaculture animals and products thereof, and on the prevention and control of certain diseases in aquatic animals. Official Journal of the European Union L 328/14.   EU. Decisions 2015/1554 of 11 September 2015, laying down rules for the application of Directive 2006/88/EC as regards requirements for surveillance and diagnostic methods. Official Journal of the European Union L 247/1.   Hill, K.M., Carnegie, R.B., Aloui-Bejaoui, N., Gharsalli, R., White, D.M., Stokes, N.A., Burreson, E.M. (2010). Observation of a Bonamia sp. Infecting the oyster Ostrea stentina in Tunisia, and a consideration of its phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 179-185.  Le Roux, F., Lorenzo, G., Peyret, P., Audemard, C., Figueras, A., Vivares, C., Gouy, M., Berthe, F. (2001). Molecular evidence for the existence of two species of Marteilia in Europe. J. Eukaryot Microbiol. 48: 449-454.   Marty, G.D., Bower, S.M., Clarke, K.R., Meyer, G., Lowe, G., Osborn, A.L., Chow, E.P., Hannah, H., Byrne, S., Sojonky, K., Robinson, J.H. (2006). Histopathology and a real-time PCR assay for detection of Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea edulis cultured in western Canada. Aquaculture 261: 33-42.  Mortensen, S., Harkestad, L.S., Stene, R.-O. og Renault, T. (2005). Picoeucaryot alga infecting blue mussel Mytilus edulis in southern Norway. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 63:25-32.  Mortensen, S., Sælemyr, L., Skår, C.K., Bodvin, T., Jelmert, A. (2016). Health surveillance of the flat oyster populations in Aust-Agder County, southern Norway in the period 2009 – 2015. Rapport fra havforskningen nr 11, 2016, 11s.  Mortensen, S.H. (1993). A health survey of selected stocks of commercially exploited Norwegian bivalve molluscs. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 16: 149-156.  Polinski, M., Lowe, G., Meyer, G., Corbeil, S., Colling, A., Caraguel, C., Abbott, C.L. (2015). Molecular detection of Microcytos mackini in Pacific ousters using quantitative PCR. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology 200: 19-24.         

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2016

Overvåkingsprogrammet for sykdommene bonamiose og marteiliose i flatøsters og blåskjell utføres av Havforskningsinstituttet på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet. Det ble hentet skjell fra fire ville bestander og ett østersanlegg, basert på utbredelsen av ville skjell og strukturen i østersnæringen. Prøver ble samlet inn i April/Mai og i Oktober, som er de periodene hvor prevalensen av parasittene Bonamia sp. og Marteilia sp. er høyest i smittede bestander. Det ble ikke observert unormal dødelighet verken vår eller høst. Bonamia ostreae / B. exitiosa ble ikke påvist. Det er kommet inn en rekke rapporter om at blåskjell «forsvinner» mange steder langs kysten. Årsakene til dette er ikke kjent. Parasitten Marteilia sp. ble imidlertid for første gang påvist I blåskjell, Mytilus edulis, på Bømlo i 2016. Denne påvisningen er fulgt opp med en utvidet prøvetaking i HI-prosjekt Blåskjelldødelighet (83737-04) i 2017. Det er gjort prøvetaking av blåskjell hver tredje måned og samlet inn fauna fra funnstedet og blåskjell fra områder i nærheten. Østers fra funnstedet ser ikke ut til å bli smittet av Marteilia sp. Genetiske studier av Marteilia spp. Fra England, Sverige og Norge (Bømlo) er inkludert i en studie som er gjort i EU-prosjektet VIVALDI. Marteilia sp. fra disse områdene er ulik Marteilia refringens som forårsaker sykdom hos flatøsters og er foreslått gitt navnet Marteilia pararefringens. Det ser således ut til at Marteilia refringens og Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. er ulike arter med ulike vertsarter (hhv østers og blåskjell). Studiene videreføres i 2018, som en kombinasjon av overvåkingsprogrammet og forskningsprosjektet.publishedVersio

Mortensen, Stein

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2017

https://imr.brage.unit.no/imr-xmlui/bitstream/11250/2480432/1/Ostersrapport.pdf

The surveillance and control programme for bonamiosis and marteiliosis in European flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, and blue mussels, Mytilus sp. in Norway in 2016

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