Aerosols and Water Ice in Jupiter's Stratosphere from UV-NIR Ground-based Observations

Jupiter's atmosphere has been sounded in transmission from the UV to the IR, as if it were a transiting exoplanet, by observing Ganymede while passing through Jupiter's shadow. The spectra show strong extinction due to the presence of aerosols and haze in Jupiter's atmosphere and strong absorption features of methane. Here, we report a new detailed analysis of these observations, with special emphasis on the retrievals of the vertical distribution of the aerosols and their sizes, and the properties and distribution of the stratospheric water ice. Our analysis suggests the presence of aerosols near the equator in the altitude range of 100 hPa up to at least 0.01 hPa, with a layer of small particles (mean radius of 0.1 μm) in the upper part (above 0.1 hPa), an intermediate layer of aerosols with a radius of 0.3 μm, extending between ∼10 and 0.01 hPa, and a layer with larger sizes of ∼0.6 μm at approximately 100-1 hPa. The corresponding loads for each layer are ∼2 × 10 g cm, ∼3.4 × 10 g cm, and ∼1.5 × 10 g cm, respectively, with a total load of ∼2.0 × 10 g cm. The lower and middle layers agree well with previous measurements; but the finer particles of 0.1 μm above 0.01 hPa have not been reported before. The spectra also show two broad features near 1.5 and 2.0 μm, which we attribute to a layer of very small (∼10 nm) HO crystalline ice in Jupiter's lower stratosphere (∼0.5 hPa). While these spectral signatures seem to be unequivocally attributable to crystalline water ice, they require a large amount of water ice to explain the strong absorption features.© 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.We are very grateful to Rafael Escribano, Victor Herrero, Anni Maattanen, Beatriz Mate, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, and Miguel Angel Satorre for very valuable discussions on the water ice topic. The IAA team was supported by the Spanish MICINN under projects ESP2014-54362-P, ESP2017-87143-R, and EC FEDER funds. This work is also partly financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness through grant ESP2013-48391-C4-2-R. M.G.C. is also supported by the MINECO under its >Ramon y Cajal> subprogram

Insuficiente adherencia al ejercicio físico de universitarios. Una revisión sistemática

A sedentary lifestyle is one of the main problems for the health of the world population of the 21st century. Due to the sociocultural characteristics presented by university students, it is a suitable population for the study and promotion of physical activity (PA). The main aim of the present systematic review is to give a general view on the adherence to the practice of PA among the university population, as well as intervention programs aimed at promoting this practice, from 2007 to the present day. The methodology used has been guided by the PRISMA statement. As main conclusion, 100% of the studies of the first selection support the urgent need for the creation and implementation of intervention programs aimed at promoting the practice of PA among university students. Finally, the intervention programs studied obtained good results, achieving in most of them an increase in the adherence to the practice of PA of the population studied.El sedentarismo se constituye como uno de los principales problemas para la salud de la población mundial del siglo XXI. Debido a las características socioculturales que presentan los estudiantes universitarios, resulta una población idónea para el estudio y fomento de actividad física (AF). El objetivo principal de la presente revisión sistemática es dar una visión general sobre la adherencia a la práctica de AF entre la población universitaria, así como de los programas de intervención dirigidos a fomentar dicha práctica, desde el año 2007 hasta nuestros días. La metodología utilizada ha estado dirigida por la declaración PRISMA. Como principales conclusiones, el 100% de los estudios de la primera selección sostienen la urgente necesidad de la creación e implementación de programas de intervención dirigidos a fomentar la práctica de AF entre estudiantes universitarios. Finalmente, la mayoría de los programas de intervención estudiados consiguen incrementar la adherencia a la práctica de AF

The dependence of oxygen and nitrogen abundances on stellar mass from the CALIFA survey

We analysed the optical spectra of HII regions extracted from a sample of 350 galaxies of the CALIFA survey. We calculated total O/H abundances and, for the first time, N/O ratios using the semi-empirical routine HII-CHI-mistry, which, according to P\'erez-Montero (2014), is consistent with the direct method and reduces the uncertainty in the O/H derivation using [NII] lines owing to the dispersion in the O/H-N/O relation. Then we performed linear fittings to the abundances as a function of the de-projected galactocentric distances. The analysis of the radial distribution both for O/H and N/O in the non-interacting galaxies reveals that both average slopes are negative, but a non-negligible fraction of objects have a flat or even a positive gradient (at least 10\% for O/H and 4\% for N/O). The slopes normalised to the effective radius appear to have a slight dependence on the total stellar mass and the morphological type, as late low-mass objects tend to have flatter slopes. No clear relation is found, however, to explain the presence of inverted gradients in this sample, and there is no dependence between the average slopes and the presence of a bar. The relation between the resulting O/H and N/O linear fittings at the effective radius is much tighter (correlation coefficient $\rho_s$ = 0.80) than between O/H and N/O slopes ($\rho_s$ = 0.39) or for O/H and N/O in the individual \hii\ regions ($\rho_s$ = 0.37). These O/H and N/O values at the effective radius also correlate very tightly (less than 0.03 dex of dispersion) with total luminosity and stellar mass. The relation with other integrated properties, such as star formation rate, colour, or morphology, can be understood only in light of the found relation with mass.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 20 pages, 19 figure

Distinguishing between wet and dry atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 e and f

The nearby TRAPPIST-1 planetary system is an exciting target for characterizing the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. The planets e, f and g lie in the circumstellar habitable zone and could sustain liquid water on their surfaces. During the extended pre-main sequence phase of TRAPPIST-1, however, the planets may have experienced extreme water loss, leading to a desiccated mantle. The presence or absence of an ocean is challenging to determine with current and next generation telescopes. Therefore, we investigate whether indirect evidence of an ocean and/or a biosphere can be inferred from observations of the planetary atmosphere. We introduce a newly developed photochemical model for planetary atmospheres, coupled to a radiative-convective model and validate it against modern Earth, Venus and Mars. The coupled model is applied to the TRAPPIST-1 planets e and f, assuming different surface conditions and varying amounts of CO$_2$ in the atmosphere. As input for the model we use a constructed spectrum of TRAPPIST-1, based on near-simultaneous data from X-ray to optical wavelengths. We compute cloud-free transmission spectra of the planetary atmospheres and determine the detectability of molecular features using the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We find that under certain conditions, the existence or non-existence of a biosphere and/or an ocean can be inferred by combining 30 transit observations with ELT and JWST within the K-band. A non-detection of CO could suggest the existence of an ocean, whereas significant CH$_4$ hints at the presence of a biosphere.Comment: 37 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Relación del mindfulness, inteligencia emocional y síndrome de burnout en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje: una revisión sistemática

Emotional intelligence is important in the way emotions are acquired, processed, and regulated. One of the possible psychosocial risks is Burnout syndrome, understood as emotional fatigue. The mindfulness, is a practice that makes us aware of internal events that we feel, where it adopts an attitude of self-acceptance. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic review that addresses the relationships between emotional intelligence and Burnout syndrome, through the practice of Mindfulness... The search was carried out in the Web of Science, which after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria obtained a sample of 22 articles between the years 2000-2017. The main conclusions are the close relationship between psychosocial and emotional aspects, since stressful processes differ with emotional intelligence, a fact that is controlled with Mindfulness.La inteligencia emocional es importante en la forma en que las emociones son adquiridas, procesadas y reguladas. Uno de los posibles riesgos psicosociales es el síndrome de Burnout, entendiéndose como el cansancio emocional. El mindfulness, es una práctica que nos hace tomar la conciencia de los sucesos internos que sentimos, donde se adopta una actitud de aceptación propia. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática que aborden las relaciones entre la inteligencia emocional y el síndrome de Burnout, a través de la práctica de Mindfulness. La búsqueda se realizó en la Web of Science, que tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvo una muestra de 22 artículos entre los años 2000-2017. Como principales conclusiones se expone la estrecha relación entre aspectos psicosociales y emocionales, pues los procesos estresantes difieren con la inteligencia emocional, hecho que se controla con el Mindfulness

Fomento de hábitos saludables a través de la coordinación del profesorado de educación física

The aim of this research is to analyze the degree of pedagogical coordination existing among physical education teachers, based on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the students. Specifically, an attempt was made to determine whether or not there was a tendency to work collaboratively in order to achieve specific objectives in the area of ​​Physical Education. To do this, a questionnaire was prepared for this research, which was composed of 25 items, aimed at teachers with the specialty of physical education in practice. From a simple random sampling, 300 responses were obtained from teachers in the province of Granada. Among the results, it emphasizes the importance of motivation in the conjugation of the professional teaching performance of the specialist in the area of ​​physical education. In this way, a strong correlation exists between motivation and social inclusion and healthy life, as well as between motivation and curricular innovation.La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el grado de coordinación pedagógica existente entre el profesorado de educación física, a partir de la promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre el alumnado. En concreto, se trató de determinar si existía o no una tendencia a trabajar colaborativamente en aras a conseguir unos objetivos específicos en el área de Educación Física. Para ello, se realizó un cuestionario elaborado para esta investigación, que estaba compuesto por 25 ítems, dirigido a maestros con la especialidad de educación física en ejercicio. A partir de un muestreo aleatorio simple, se consiguieron 300 respuestas de maestros de la provincia de Granada. Entre los resultados, destaca la importancia de la motivación en la conjugación del desempeño profesional docente del especialista del área de educación física. De este modo, se aprecia una fuerte correlación existente entre motivación e inclusión social y vida saludable, así como entre motivacióne innovación curricular

Aperture effects on the oxygen abundance determinations from CALIFA data

This paper aims at providing aperture corrections for emission lines in a sample of spiral galaxies from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey (CALIFA) database. In particular, we explore the behavior of the log([OIII]5007/Hbeta)/([NII]6583/Halpha) (O3N2) and log[NII]6583/Halpha (N2) flux ratios since they are closely connected to different empirical calibrations of the oxygen abundances in star forming galaxies. We compute median growth curves of Halpha, Halpha/Hbeta, O3N2 and N2 up to 2.5R_50 and 1.5 disk R_eff. The growth curves simulate the effect of observing galaxies through apertures of varying radii. The median growth curve of the Halpha/Hbeta ratio monotonically decreases from the center towards larger radii, showing for small apertures a maximum value of ~10% larger than the integrated one. The median growth curve of N2 shows a similar behavior, decreasing from the center towards larger radii. No strong dependence is seen with the inclination, morphological type and stellar mass for these growth curves. Finally, the median growth curve of O3N2 increases monotonically with radius. However, at small radii it shows systematically higher values for galaxies of earlier morphological types and for high stellar mass galaxies. Applying our aperture corrections to a sample of galaxies from the SDSS survey at 0.02<=z<=0.3 shows that the average difference between fiber-based and aperture corrected oxygen abundances, for different galaxy stellar mass and redshift ranges, reaches typically to ~11%, depending on the abundance calibration used. This average difference is found to be systematically biased, though still within the typical uncertainties of oxygen abundances derived from empirical calibrations. Caution must be exercised when using observations of galaxies for small radii (e.g. below 0.5R_eff) given the high dispersion shown around the median growth curves.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Educación para la salud: implementación del programa "Sportfruits" en escolares de Granada

Eating habits are in decline and weight problems are increasing in Primary Education. This study aims to establish the levels of body mass index, the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and self-concept in a sample of schoolchildren, determining the possible physical-health and psychosocial differences after the implementation of the "SportFruits" intervention program. The design is descriptive, preexperimental with pretest and posttest, longitudinal cut, for a sample of 79 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8 years old (M=7.1 and D.T.=0.638). Instruments such as the bioimpedance scale, the KIDMED test and the Autoconcept Form 5 test (AF5) were used. The results did not show statistically significant associations, although they show the need to improve diet, reeducating eating habits and promoting physical activity for psychosocial improvements and reducing the problems of obesity and overweight, through intervention programs.Los hábitos alimentarios se encuentran en decadencia y los problemas de peso van en aumento en Educación Primaria. Este estudio persigue establecer los niveles de índices de masa corporal, el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el autoconcepto en una muestra de escolares, determinando las posibles diferencias físico-saludables y psicosociales tras la realización del programa de intervención “SportFruits”. El diseño esdescriptivo, preexperimental con pretest y posttest, de corte longitudinal, para una muestra de 79 escolares con edades de 6 a 8 años (M=7,1 y D.T.=0.638). Se utilizaron instrumentos como la báscula de bioimpedancia, el test KIDMED y el test de Autoconcepto Forma 5 (AF5). Los resultados no mostraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas, aunque si evidencian la necesidad de mejorar la dieta, reeducando los hábitos alimentarios y promover la actividad física para mejoras psicosociales y reducir los problemas de obesidad y sobrepeso, a través de programas de intervención.

La conducta violenta y actividad física de los adolescentes en acogimiento residencial

The present study aims to analyze the levels of violent behavior, self-esteem and practice of AF in adolescents who are in residential care ruling possible relationships between all variables with three hypotheses. The participation of a total of 203 adolescents allowed the registration and evaluation of violent conduct variables (Violent Behavior Scale in School), Self-esteem (as measured by the General Self-Esteem Scale Rosenberg) and Self Registration Sheet for values ​​AF issues. The results showed that adolescents living in the family home are regular team sports contact, that aggression levels are similar and that one third of them have low self- fulfilling two of the three hypotheses, and denoting mismatch between aggression, self-esteem and sport mode developed.El presente estudio que tiene como objetivo analizar los niveles de conducta violenta, autoestima y práctica de Actividad Física en adolescentes que se encuentran en acogimiento residencial donde se dictaminan posibles relaciones entre todas las variables con tres hipótesis. Participaron 203 adolescentes evaluados mediante la Escala de Conducta Violenta en la Escuela, Test de Autoestima General de Rosenberg y Hoja de Autoregistro para valorar la Actividad Física. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes no residentes en el hogar familiar son asiduos practicantes de deportes colectivos de contacto, que los niveles de agresividad son similares y que un tercio de ellos tienen autoestima baja, cumpliendo dos de las tres hipótesis, y denotando falta de correspondencia entre agresividad, autoestima y modalidad deportiva

The dependence of oxygen and nitrogen abundances on stellar mass from the CALIFA survey

Context. The study of the integrated properties of star-forming galaxies is central to understand their formation and evolution. Some of these properties are extensive and therefore their analysis require totally covering and spatially resolved observations. Among these properties, metallicity can be defined in spiral discs by means of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) of individual H ii regions. The simultaneous analysis of the abundances of primary elements, as oxygen, and secondary, as nitrogen, also provides clues about the star formation history and the processes that shape the build-up of spiral discs. Aims. Our main aim is to analyse simultaneously O/H and N/O abundance ratios in H ii regions in different radial positions of the discs in a large sample of spiral galaxies to obtain the slopes and the characteristic abundance ratios that can be related to their integrated properties. Methods. We analysed the optical spectra of individual selected H ii regions extracted from a sample of 350 spiral galaxies of the CALIFA survey. We calculated total O/H abundances and, for the first time, N/O ratios using the semi-empirical routine Hii-Chi-mistry, which, according to Pérez-Montero (2014, MNRAS, 441, 2663), is consistent with the direct method and reduces the uncertainty in the O/H derivation using [N ii] lines owing to the dispersion in the O/H-N/O relation. Then we performed linear fittings to the abundances as a function of the de-projected galactocentric distances. Results. The analysis of the radial distribution both for O/H and N/O in the non-interacting galaxies reveals that both average slopes are negative, but a non-negligible fraction of objects have a flat or even a positive gradient (at least 10% for O/H and 4% for N/O). The slopes normalised to the effective radius appear to have a slight dependence on the total stellar mass and the morphological type, as late low-mass objects tend to have flatter slopes. No clear relation is found, however, to explain the presence of inverted gradients in this sample, and there is no dependence between the average slopes and the presence of a bar. The relation between the resulting O/H and N/O linear fittings at the effective radius is much tighter (correlation coefficient ρ = 0.80) than between O/H and N/O slopes (ρ = 0.39) or for O/H and N/O in the individual H ii regions (ρ = 0.37). These O/H and N/O values at the effective radius also correlate very tightly (less than 0.03 dex of dispersion) with total luminosity and stellar mass. The relation with other integrated properties, such as star formation rate, colour, or morphology, can be understood only in light of the found relation with mass.E.P.M., J.M.V., C.K., S.P., and J.I.P. acknowledge support from the Spanish MICINN through grants AYA2010-21887-C04-01 and AYA2013-47742-C4-1-P and the Junta de Andalucia for grant EXC/2011 FQM-7058. R.G.B., R.G.D., and E.P. acknowledge support from grants AYA2014-57490-P and JA-FQM-2828. Support for L.G. is provided by the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative through grant IC120009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. L.G. acknowledges support by CONICYT through FONDECYT grant 3140566Peer Reviewe