Provincial women painters, forgotten painters: Women artists in Alicante in the first third of the XXth century (1894-1931)

En la última década ciertas investigaciones han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de estudiar la figura de la mujer artista en España a lo largo de los siglos. Estos trabajos centran su atención en las grandes ciudades como centros culturales donde la presencia de artistas fue mayor que en las zonas provinciales. No obstante, en las urbes de menor tamaño también surgieron pintoras que encontraron dificultades iguales o incluso mayores que las mujeres que trabajaron en los grandes centros de producción artística. En este artículo exponemos los ejemplos de cinco pintoras de Alicante que vivieron situaciones dispares y que con el paso del tiempo fueron olvidadas. Asimismo, proponemos el estudio de la prensa del momento como herramienta que nos permita aproximarnos al conocimiento sobre el posicionamiento de la sociedad alicantina respecto a las artistas y esbozar los motivos por los que estas pintoras no alcanzaron la fama en su épocaIn the last decade research has revealed the need to study women artists in Spain throughout the centuries. These studies focus on cultural centers where the presence of women artists was more numerous than in provincial areas. However, there were also women painters in smaller cities, who found the same or greater difficulties than women who worked in the centers of artistic production. In this paper, we present five examples of women painters who worked in Alicante (Spain), who lived disparate situations and were finally forgotten. We also propose the study of contemporary newspapers as a tool that allows us to approach the knowledge about the position of the society concerning women artists and to understand the reasons why these female painters did not achieve fam

Cholangiocarcinoma landscape in Europe: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic insights from the ENSCCA Registry

189 p.El colangiocarcinoma (CCA) es un cáncer biliar raro y heterogéneo, con una incidencia y mortalidad creciente. Este estudio investiga el curso natural de CCA y sus subtipos en una cohorte paneuropea. El estudio incluyó 2.234 pacientes (hombre:mujer 1,29). El iCCA (n=1.243) se asoció con sobrepeso/obesidad (58,5%) y hepatopatías crónicas, incluyendo la cirrosis (12,6%) y/o hepatitis virales (10,4%); el pCCA (n=592) con la colangitis esclerosante primaria (8,8%); y el dCCA (n=399) con cálculos biliares (10,3%). Al diagnóstico, el 42,2 % de los pacientes tenían enfermedad local, el 29,4 % enfermedad localmente avanzada (LAD) y el 28,4 % enfermedad metastásica (MD). El CEA y el CA19-9 mostraron una baja sensibilidad diagnóstica (69,1% y 40,9% por debajo del punto de corte, respectivamente), pero su elevación se asoció con un mayor riesgo de presentar LAD [OR 2,16; IC95% 1,43-3,27] o MD [OR 5,88; IC95% 3,69-9,25]. Los pacientes sometidos a resección tumoral (50,3 %) mostraron el mejor pronóstico, en particular aquellos con margen de resección negativo (R0) [supervivencia global (SG) = 45,1 meses]; sin embargo, la afectación de los márgenes (R1) [HR 1,92; IC95% 1,53-2,41; SG = 24,7 meses] y la invasión de ganglios linfáticos [HR 2,13; IC95% 1,55-2,94; SG = 23,3 meses] comprometieron la supervivencia. Entre los pacientes con enfermedad irresecable (49,6%), la SG fue de 10,6 meses para los que recibieron terapias anti-cancer, principalmente quimioterapia (26,2%). Los pacientes que recibieron la mejor atención de apoyo (20,6%) tuvieron una SG de 4,0 meses, siendo el iCCA el que peor pronóstico mostraba. El estado funcional [HR 1.52; IC95% 1.01-2.31], la presencia de metástasis [HR 4.03; IC95% 1.82-8.92] y el CA19-9 [HR 2.79; IC95% 1.46-5.33] fueron factores de pronóstico independientes

Racionalidad sin utilitarismo: La caza y sus conflictos en El Escorial durante el Antiguo Régimen

La perspectiva utilitarista ha ido irrumpiendo en la microeconomía histórica, Este texto se sirve del ejemplo de la actividad cinegética para poner de manifiesto que existen otras racionalidades -procedimentales y expresivas- situadas más allá del cálculo maximizador coste-beneficio, a la hora de dar cuenta de las motivaciones de los agentes económicos. Tras un estudio de la creación y evolución del cazadero regio de El Escorial, se aborda la intensa y recurrente transgresión de los derechos de propiedad como efecto de un proceso de cooperación entre campesinos-cazadores difícilmente reducible a los parámetros de la teoría de los bienes públicos. Se analiza la conflictividad en torno de los aprovechamientos de la caza en la zona en busca de un enfoque alternativo que concibe la caza como un procedimiento por medio del cual los vecinos de las aldeas se identificaban con sus comunidades al tiempo que éstas recibían un reconocimiento institucional y reproducían. por medio de los representantes locales, una imagen colectiva compartida que configuraba el patrón de los intereses individuales de los campesinos-cazadores. En suma, se concluye que las microconductas se apoyan siempre en macrofundamentos suministrados por instituciones que no pueden ser reducidas a agregaciones de acciones individuales.Utilitarian perspectives have been on the rise in economic history. This paper focuses on the activity of hunting to stress that, beyond the maximizing cost-benefit calculus, there are other kinds of rationality -mainly procedural and expressive rationality- essential for understanding what drove the economic stakeholders. After studying the creation and evolution of the El Escorial royal hunting area, the recurrent violation of property rights is addressed to show the difficulties of an explanation based on the utilitarian theory of public goods. The disputes arising from hunting needs an alternative interpretation based on the conceptualization of hunting as a procedure which enable villagers to identify with their communities, which in turn received institutional recognition from the court. The local representatives then reproduced a shared image of collective ends constituting the individual interests of peasant-hunters. To conclude, micro-behaviour is always based on some kind of macrofoundation supplied by institutions that cannot be reduced to mere aggregation of individual actions

Cognition in healthy aging

The study of cognitive change across a life span, both in pathological and healthy samples, has been heavily influenced by developments in cognitive psychology as a theoretical paradigm, neuropsychology and other bio-medical fields; this alongside the increase in new longitudinal and cohort designs, complemented in the last decades by the evaluation of experimental interventions. Here, a review of aging databases was conducted, looking for the most relevant studies carried out on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. The aim was to review not only longitudinal, crosssectional or cohort studies, but also by intervention program evaluations. The most important studies, searching for long-term patterns of stability and change of cognitive measures across a life span and in old age, have shown a great range of inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning changes attributed to age. Furthermore, intellectual functioning in healthy individuals seems to decline rather late in life, if ever, as shown in longitudinal studies where age-related decline of cognitive functioning occurs later in life than indicated by cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal evidence and experimental trials have shown the benefits of aerobic physical exercise and an intellectually engaged lifestyle, suggesting that bio-psycho-socioenvironmental factors concurrently with age predict or determine both positive or negative change or stability in cognition in later life

Are psycho-behavioral factors accounting for longevity?

The general objective of this article is to critically review the state of the art regarding current factors accounting for aging, longevity and successful longevity. There are two major constructs which most authors are employing to account for longevity: genetic or intrinsic components versus environmental or extrinsic factors. This classification has important flaws: (i) From an epigenetic standpoint, such a polar classification could lead to misconceptions since both factors are interdependent through lifelong interactions. (ii) There are no specifications regarding these “environmental” factors, which include a broad heterogeneity of conditions (physical, economic, social, and cultural aspects as well as behavioral ones such as lifestyle) but do not include personal conditions, such as psychological characteristics. The review of the new paradigm called successful aging yields an important set of psycho-behavioral factors, and although population indexes such as Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) or Healthy Life expectancy (HLE) have been developed, authors do not take into consideration healthy or successful longevity as a potential prolongation of the new paradigm of active or successful aging. There is a broad corpus of research literature supporting the importance of psycho-behavioral (PB) factors intervening in the ways of aging, specifically intelligence and cognitive functioning, positive emotion and control, personality traits, psychosocial, physical conditions, and lifestyles, all of which are highly associated with active aging, health, longevity, and survival. The importance of these factors accounting for longevity, and successful longevity must be taken into consideration as a pending issue in gerontolog

Climaterio y sexualidad

Objective: To study the impact that climacterium causes in the sexual life of the women resident in Mérida and to identify what sexual changes take place.Methodology: A descriptive and retrospective study was prepared with 102 menopausal women, aged from 45 to 59. Results: The measurements more affected before menopause were sexual desire, vaginal lubrication and sexual satisfaction. 65.6% of those polled women showed alteration in their sexual function after menopause. 33% of women stated that they do not have any difficulty in their sexuality while 22.5% tagged dissatisfaction with body changes as the cause of their difficulties.Conclusion: Mainly menopause has had a negative impact on the sexuality of the women studied. Nursing professionals should be aware and deal with this issue from the scope of their competences.Objetivo: Estudiar el impacto que produce el climaterio en la vida sexual de las mujeres que residen en Mérida e identificar los cambios sexuales que tienen lugar. Metodología: Se ha elaborado un estudio de carácter descriptivo y retrospectivo con 102 mujeres con menopausia natural y una edad comprendida entre los 45 y los 59 años.Resultados: Las dimensiones más afectadas tras la menopausia han sido: deseo sexual, lubricación vaginal y satisfacción sexual. Un 65.6% de las mujeres encuestadas presenta alteración de su función sexual después de la menopausia. El 33% de mujeres afirma no tener ninguna dificultad en su función sexual, mientras que el 22.5% señalan como principal motivo de sus dificultades la insatisfacción con los cambios corporales. Conclusión: Mayoritariamente la menopausia ha generado un impacto negativo en la sexualidad de  las mujeres que han participado en el estudio. El profesional de enfermería debería tomar conciencia y abordar este problema desde el ámbito de sus competencias

Health, psycho-social factors, and ageism in older adults in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic

Older adults are a population at risk for COVID-19. This study has two independent objectives: to report the impact of COVID-19, as well as psycho-social responses during lockdown, in a sample of older adults in Spain, and to explore through the review of published surveys what extent ageism has increased at the population level. The first objective was to search through an online questionnaire collecting information about self-reported health, lifestyles, psycho-social conditions, and a diversity of concerns. This questionnaire was administered to a volunteer sample of 315 older Spanish men and women (301 COVID-19-free and 14 diagnosed with COVID-19). All individuals reported that they had information about the COVID-19 pandemic. Their self-perception of health was also quite good, most maintaining healthy lifestyles and few reporting unhealthy behaviors. They reported few changes in family and interpersonal relations during lockdown. Those diagnosed with COVID-19 reported higher levels of anxiety, irritation, and fear, in comparison with the COVID-19-free group. Interestingly, instead of being concerned about health, the greatest concern in both groups (COVID-free and those diagnosed with COVID) were politics and the future. Our second objective, to explore ageism during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, was examined across various surveys conducted in several populations by several authors. Results showed an increase in ageism in Spain. Although some new information about health perception, psychosocial responses, and concerns during this unknown stressful situation was obtained, much more research with representative samples is required in order to arrive at more accurate conclusion

El impacto en el IVA de las operaciones de las organizaciones de productores, derivado de los instrumentos financieros de la PAC para el sector de frutas y hortalizas

This work investigates the repercussions of VAT neutrality of the «operational funds». At this moment, this is one of the most important financial sources for the fruit and vegetables sector in the European Union, and specifically in Spain. The operational funds, financed fifty-fifty by the organizations partners and by the community budget, have been regulated by the Community Agricultural Policies and are, therefore, not covered in the Spanish mercantile and tax regulations. Through this analysis, we have concluded that "reserve" is the most appropriate alternative for account identification of the partners contribution to these funds. Also, we have built the models that allow for quantification of indirect taxes. These models, if the reserve option is chosen, lead to VAT neutrality for the organizations, thus avoiding extra charges for the partner.En el presente trabajo se investigan las repercusiones en la neutralidad del IVA de una de las más importantes fuentes de financiación con que actualmente cuenta el sector hortofrutícola en la Unión Europea y específicamente en España, los fondos operativos. Este recurso, financiado a partes iguales por los socios de las organizaciones de productores y por el presupuesto comunitario, ha sido regulado en el marco de la Política Agraria Comunitaria, por lo que no es tratado en el ordenamiento mercantil y fiscal español. Así, hemos desarrollado los modelos que permiten cuantificar la imposición indirecta, considerando las distintas opciones en la identificación contable de la contribución del socio a estos fondos. Se concluye que la opción de reservas es la única con la que se consigue la neutralidad en el IVA para la organización, y se evitan cargas adicionales en el socio