Desarrollo humano y género en la región noroeste de México: 1995-2005

Un análisis longitudinal del desarrollo humano por género en tres quinquenios se presenta para la región Noroeste de México. Varios índices e indicadores se usan para exhibir la incorporación de opciones de desarrollo en general y por género. Dentro de la heterogeneidad de los estados en la región se observa un avance en las condiciones de vida y en la equidad de género, más notables de 1995 a 2000. En educación, la región supera al promedio nacional y existe una razonable equidad entre géneros; el ingreso, a excepción de Sinaloa, es mayor que el nacional, con significativa inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres, pero cerrándose el rezago; en salud, Baja California y Sonora (frontera) abajo de la media nacional y Baja California Sur y Sinaloa por arriba, es el factor crítico de la región, donde la recurrente diferencia en esperanza de vida entre mujeres y hombres se hace mayor. La ventaja comparativa de la región por su vecindad con Estados Unidos se plasma en el ingreso y la educación, mientras que la violencia erosiona el bienestar de la población. El desarrollo humano y la equidad de género han mejorado pero la violencia e inequidad en sus distribuciones ensombrecen los logros

Identification of teosinte populations (Zea spp.) useful for grain yielding improvement in maize (Zea mays L.)

The great phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Genus Zea can be inherited within and between populations. Teosinte (Zea spp.) is the closest wild relative to maize, distributed in Mexico and Central America from Chihuahua to Costa Rica through several environmental conditions. The potential ability of exotic germplasm to incorporatetraits on maize (Zea mays L.) domesticated crops has been demonstrated. Among traits of economic interest that can be transferred from teosinte to maize, the following stand out: higher grain yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and product quality. 180 crosses between BC2F1 (maize-teosinte families) and LUG282 were evaluated to test introgressed teosinte germplasm potential on CIMMYT line CML311 background. The 180 F1 with teosinte introgressions were evaluated at three environments and compared to a reference control LUG282xCML311 and to some other experimental and some commercial hybrids as controls also. Main variables evaluated were days to anthesis and silking, plant and ear height, root and stalk lodging and grain yield. The results of the combined ANOVA by teosinte families showed that hybrids with introgressions of a teosinte population from La Lima, Tolimán, Jalisco, (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis landrace Balsas) averaged higher in grain yield, but they were notstatistically superior to the reference control LUG282xCML311 (α = 0.05); while in the combined ANOVA by treatments only the hybrid with teosinte T100 (T = treatment number) was statistically superior to reference control for grain yield (α = 0.05). Among other traits, hybrids with Zea diploperennis introgressions (San Andres Milpillas, Nayarit) appeared to be a reliable source for resistance to foliar diseases

Los recursos semióticos del profesor de estadística asociados al rendimiento académico de los estudiantes

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar qué recursos semióticos utilizan los profesores de estadística de la Carrera de Psicología de un campus de la UNAM-México en sus clases y conocer su relación con el rendimiento académico en los alumnos. Participaron trece estudiantes de la FES Zaragoza. Se trabajó con observación participante y grupos de discusión. El indicador del rendimiento académico fueron las calificaciones obtenidas en el curso de estadística. Las sesiones de los grupos de discusión fueron grabadas, transcritas y analizadas. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que el recurso semiótico no formal tiene relación con un mejor rendimiento académico en los alumnos

El documental como instrumento de integración y cooperación para el desarrollo en Latinoamérica

26 páginas.Capítulo incluido en el libro: Escenarios y desafíos de la comunicación y la cultura en el espacio audiovisual iberoamericano. Alexandro Escudero Nahón, Diana Elisa González Calderón (editores). Sevilla, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017. Págs.: 111-135. Enlace: http://hdl.handle.net/10334/383

DNAM-1 and the TIGIT/PVRIG/TACTILE Axis: Novel Immune Checkpoints for Natural Killer Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response characterized by their role in the destruction of tumor cells. Activation of NK cells depend on a fine balance between activating and inhibitory signals mediated by different receptors. In recent years, a family of paired receptors that interact with ligands of the Nectin/Nectin-like (Necl) family has attracted great interest. Two of these ligands, Necl-5 (usually termed CD155 or PVR) and Nectin-2 (CD112), frequently expressed on different types of tumor cells, are recognized by a group of receptors expressed on T and NK cells that exert opposite functions after interacting with their ligands. These receptors include DNAM-1 (CD226), TIGIT, TACTILE (CD96) and the recently described PVRIG. Whereas activation through DNAM-1 after recognition of CD155 or CD112 enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a wide range of tumor cells, TIGIT recognition of these ligands exerts an inhibitory effect on NK cells by diminishing IFN-γ production, as well as NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. PVRIG has also been identified as an inhibitory receptor that recognizes CD112 but not CD155. However, little is known about the role of TACTILE as modulator of immune responses in humans. TACTILE control of tumor growth and metastases has been reported in murine models, and it has been suggested that it negatively regulates the anti-tumor functions mediated by DNAM-1. In NK cells from patients with solid cancer and leukemia, it has been observed a decreased expression of DNAM-1 that may shift the balance in favor to the inhibitory receptors TIGIT or PVRIG, further contributing to the diminished NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity observed in these patients. Analysis of DNAM-1, TIGIT, TACTILE and PVRIG on human NK cells from solid cancer or leukemia patients will clarify the role of these receptors in cancer surveillance. Overall, it can be speculated that in cancer patients the TIGIT/PVRIG pathways are upregulated and represent novel targets for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

Síntesis de triazol, a partir de alofuranosa y teobromina

Se sintetizaron los productos intermedios propargil teobromina, triflato de glucofuranosa, azida alofuranosa y un nuevo compuesto heterociclo híbrido final alofuranosa-triazol- teobromina, en buen rendimiento y alta pureza, mediante una reacción de cicloadición [3+2] entre la azida alofuranosa y el alquino terminal propargil teobromina catalizada por la sal de cobre CuI, reacción conocida como CuACC. Los productos intermedios y finales se purificaron por extracciones líquido-líquido, cromatografía en columna y cristalización y se caracterizaron por las técnicas de infrarrojo, y resonancia magnética nuclear de 1H y 13C.The intermediates propargyl theobromine, glucofuranose triflate, alofuranose azide and a new final hybrid heterocycle compound alofuranose-triazole-theobromine were synthesized, in good yield and high purity, through a cycloaddition reaction [3+2] between alofuranose azide and terminal alkyne propargyl theobromine catalyzed by the CuI copper salt, a reaction known as CuACC. The intermediate and final products were purified by liquid-liquid extractions, column chromatography and crystallization and were characterized by infrared techniques, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance

Prevalence of Functional Dentition in a Group of Mexican Adult Males

Objective: To determine the prevalence of functional dentition and associated periodontal variables in a sample of Mexican adult males. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 161 policemen in Campeche, Mexico, was carried out. A clinical examination using an electronic probe was used to collect variables (dental plaque, periodontal pockets, gingival recession, suppuration, and bleeding on probing) on 6 periodontal sites (a maximum of 168 sites, excluding third molars). Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables were collected through a self-administered survey. Functional dentition was defined as having 21 or more natural teeth. Data were analyzed with STATA 11.0, using logistic regression models. Results: Mean age was 38.3 (±10.9) years. The prevalence of having a functional dentition was 83.8% in the sample. The odds of having a functional dentition declined with age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93), having diabetes (OR = 0.27) and with having a high percentage of sites with plaque (OR = 0.77), with bleeding on probing (OR = 0.97), and with gingival recession (OR = 0.82). Conclusion: While a large proportion of subjects had a functional dentition in this community-dwelling sample of adult Mexican males, the likelihood of their having a functional dentition decreased with age, with their having been diagnosed with diabetes, and with assorted negative indicators of periodontal/gingival status

Characterization of the DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE Axis on Circulating NK, NKT-Like and T Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a major clinical challenge due to poor overall survival, which is even more dramatic in elderly patients. TIGIT, an inhibitory receptor that interacts with CD155 and CD112 molecules, is considered as a checkpoint in T and NK cell activation. This receptor shares ligands with the co-stimulatory receptor DNAM-1 and with TACTILE. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE in NK cells and T cell subsets in AML patients. Methods: We have studied 36 patients at the time of diagnosis of AML and 20 healthy volunteers. The expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE in NK cells and T cells, according to the expression of CD3 and CD56, was performed by flow cytometry. Results: NK cells, CD56− T cells and CD56+ T (NKT-like) cells from AML patients presented a reduced expression of DNAM-1 compared with healthy volunteers. An increased expression of TIGIT was observed in mainstream CD56− T cells. No differences were observed in the expression of TACTILE. Simplified presentation of incredibly complex evaluations (SPICE) analysis of the co-expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE showed an increase in NK and T cells lacking DNAM-1 and co-expressing TIGIT and TACTILE. Low percentages of DNAM-1−TIGIT+TACTILE+ NK cells and DNAM-1− TIGIT+TACTILE+ CD56− T cells were associated with a better survival of AML patients. Conclusions: The expression of DNAM-1 is reduced in NK cells and in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from AML patients compared with those from healthy volunteers. An increased percentage of NK and T cells lacking DNAM-1 and co-expressing TIGIT and TACTILE is associated with patient survival, supporting the role of TIGIT as a novel candidate for checkpoint blockade

Post-mortem findings in Spanish patients with COVID-19; a special focus on superinfections

IntroductionWhole-body autopsies may be crucial to understand coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology. We aimed to analyze pathological findings in a large series of full-body autopsies, with a special focus on superinfections. MethodsThis was a prospective multicenter study that included 70 COVID-19 autopsies performed between April 2020 and February 2021. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological information was collected using a standardized case report form. ResultsMedian (IQR) age was 70 (range 63.75-74.25) years and 76% of cases were males. Most patients (90%,) had at least one comorbidity prior to COVID-19 diagnosis, with vascular risk factors being the most frequent. Infectious complications were developed by 65.71% of the patients during their follow-up. Mechanical ventilation was required in most patients (75.71%) and was mainly invasive. In multivariate analyses, length of hospital stay and invasive mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with infections (p = 0.036 and p = 0.013, respectively). Necropsy findings revealed diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs, left ventricular hypertrophy in the heart, liver steatosis and pre-infection arteriosclerosis in the heart and kidneys. ConclusionOur study confirms the main necropsy histopathological findings attributed to COVID-19 in a large patient series, while underlining the importance of both comorbid conditions and superinfections in the pathology