Crecimiento y financiación de las comunidades autónomas españolas. Desigualdad y convergencia

El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es la realización de un análisis exhaustivo de las desigualdades existentes entre los españoles en función de su lugar de residencia. Para ello, se tomarán como indicadores fundamentales el PIB per cápita y las balanzas fiscales de las distintas Comunidades Autónomas. Su empleo permitirá analizar las disparidades territoriales, comprobando si los territorios son beneficiarios netos de la actividad presupuestaria del gobierno, o si son contribuyentes netos. Cabe destacar, que dicha actividad siempre provoca distribución interterritorial, por lo que unas comunidades tendrán saldo negativo y otras positivo. Es decir, la cuestión principal, no se centra tanto en el signo, sino en la intensidad de dicha redistribución

Collusion, competition and piracy

In this paper we analyze firms' ability to tacitly collude on pricesin an infinitely repeated duopoly game of vertical productdifferentiation. We show that firms collude if and only if their discountfactor is high enough, i.e. if they value future profits sufficiently. We alsoshow that a lower cost of copying facilitates collusion but that a higherquality of the copy hinders collusion. Thus, the overall effect of thesenew characteristics of copies made by consumers is ambiguous.Collusion, competition, piracy, consumers, cost of copying,

WHY DOES THE PIRATE DECIDE TO BE THE LEADER IN PRICES?

We analyze the roles of the government and the incumbent in preventing piracy, and the reasons and incentives why a pirate would want to be a leader in prices. The framework of analysis used is a duopoly model of vertical product differentiation with price competition, where both incumbent and pirate are committed to keep their prices. We find that both government and incumbent have a key role in avoiding the entry of the pirate. We show that the government will not help the incumbent to become a monopolist, even if he installs an antipiracy system, because a monopoly provides the lowest social welfare. However, he will let the pirate enters as a follower or as a leader, or encourage the incumbent to deter the entry of the pirate, which depends on the technology of the government for monitoring piracy. The pirate decides to become a leader to avoid being brought down by the incumbent and the government, although the leader's profit is lower than the follower's profit. Finally, we find that high-income countries with cheaper monitoring technology have lower piracy rates.Pirate, Incumbent, Government, Price Leadership, Copy, Monitoring Piracy, Income

Lobbyin to prevent commercial piracy

In this paper we develop a common agency model to analyze the problem of pirates entering the market, in which the incumbent and the consumers form pressure groups to lobby the government on policies to prevent piracy while the pirates try to avoid being stopped. We show that a monopoly is not an equilibrium when both the incumbent and consumers lobby the government, and that the cost of monitoring commercial piracy is very important in determining (truthful) equilibria, as is the case where there is no lobby competition. However, it is now more difficult getting the pirate to enter the market.Common Agency, Lobbying, Commercial Piracy, Incumbent, Consumers and Government

La utilización de robots para mitigar la soledad en las personas mayores: estado del arte

La introducción en nuestra vida diaria de las tecnologías para la comunicación e internet (ICT) en el mundo actual es un hecho equiparable a la alfabetización y la introducción de la radio en los hogares en otros momentos de la historia. Paralelo a esa introducción y al desarrollo de los sistemas de información se está produciendo el desarrollo de sistemas autónomos o robots. El objetivo de este trabajo es la realización de un estado del arte sobre el uso de los robots como medio para mejorar su actividad social o mitigar los efectos de la soledad en las personas mayores o muy mayores. Metodología: se ha revisado publicaciones indexadas en las principales bases de datos consultadas por investigadores del área social, sanitaria y tecnológica y se ha trabajado con las últimas revisiones sistemáticas publicadas. Este estudio se ha elegido por la necesidad de disponer de fuentes fiables y contrastadas que aporten evidencias en relación al tópico tratado. Conclusiones: Los resultados positivos obtenidos en la mejora de las situaciones de soledad con la utilización de robots alientan a seguir investigando

Un enfoque que unifica el método de axiomatizar valores lineales en teoría de juegos

In the literature of game theory there are several axiomatization of values for games in a characteristic form, each in a particular context. In this work, we present the axiomatization of several values under the same framework. We used the fact that if a lineal operator is defined in a base, it can be extended in a unique form to the whole space, in order to generate several solution's concepts. It is just varying the set of axioms that determine the solution in the base.

Total synthesis of depudecin and analogues via an olefin cross-metathesis based strategy

(-)-Depudecin (1), isolated from the culture broths of the fungus Alternaria brassicicola [1], has been identified as a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC) with an IC50 in the low μM range. In contrast to representative HDAC inhibitors, depudecin represents a unique inhibitor of these enzymes by virtue of its molecular structure, featuring the presence of two oxirane rings separated by a trans double bond. Originally discovered as part of a biological screen directed towards the identification of antitumour agents with detransforming activity [2], depudecin was identified as a bioactive metabolite capable of reverting the transformed morphology of tumor cells. Depudecin induced cell cycle arrest and cellular differentiation [3], and also exhibited anti-angiogenesis activity [4]. Prompted by its striking biological properties and enticing structure, we decided to initiate a research program directed towards the synthesis of natural depudecin which has recently culminated with a linear total synthesis [5]. In order to develop an improved access to natural depudecin and analogues for further biological screenings, we explored a synthetic alternative as a shorter and more convergent approach. In this communication we report a new total synthesis of the natural product (-)-depudecin. A key feature of the synthesis is the utilization of an olefin cross-metathesis strategy, which provides for an efficient and improved access to natural depudecin. This strategy was applied to the preparation of the 10-epi and (+)-depudecin, which represent interesting stereoisomeric analogues for SAR studies.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Representing Different Constituencies: Electoral Rules in Bicameral Systems in Latin America and Their Impact on Political Representation

This article analyzes the quantitative (mechanical) effects and qualitative (perceptions) effects on political representation of the election of two separate chambers in Latin America’s bicameral systems. After discussing the spread and strength of bicameralism in Latin America, we compare the different electoral systems for lower chambers and Senates. Our study shows that in a region characterized by relatively high levels of malapportionment in the first chamber, the second chamber reinforces the malapportionment in parliament. Representation tends to be much more disproportional in the upper chamber than in the lower house. Moreover, the differences in the electoral systems and district magnitudes for both chambers make it more difficult for women to win a seat in the Senate.Latin America, Senates, bicameralism, electoral systems, malapportionment, gender quota

How Bees Respond Differently to Field Margins of Shrubby and Herbaceous Plants in Intensive Agricultural Crops of the Mediterranean Area

(1) Intensive agriculture has a high impact on pollinating insects, and conservation strategies targeting agricultural landscapes may greatly contribute to their maintenance. The aim of this work was to quantify the effect that the vegetation of crop margins, with either herbaceous or shrubby plants, had on the abundance and diversity of bees in comparison to non-restored margins. (2) The work was carried out in an area of intensive agriculture in southern Spain. Bees were monitored visually and using pan traps, and floral resources were quantified in crop margins for two years. (3) An increase in the abundance and diversity of wild bees in restored margins was registered, compared to non-restored margins. Significant differences in the structure of bee communities were found between shrubby and herbaceous margins. Apis mellifera and mining bees were found to be more polylectic than wild Apidae and Megachilidae. The abundance of A. mellifera and mining bees was correlated to the total floral resources, in particular, to those offered by the Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae; wild Apidae and Megachilidae were associated with the Lamiaceae. (4) This work emphasises the importance of floral diversity and shrubby plants for the maintenance of rich bee communities in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes