El uso de monteas en los talleres catedralicios: el caso murciano

Es bien conocido el empleo de trazados a tamaño natural, denominados monteas, como paso previo a la ejecución de construcciones pétreas. Los autores argumentan que estas monteas aportan datos acerca de las técnicas de cantería que no facilitan ni las propias piezas, ni los tratados y manuscritos, incluso los más cercanos a la práctica constructiva. En concreto, examinan dos monteas renacentistas en la catedral de Murcia: una de ellas hallada en 1999 bajo el altar de la recapilla de Junterón y otra recientemente aparecida en los muros de la sacristía catedralicia al desmontar la cajonería quinientista. Tras comparar ambas monteas con las piezas de cantería correspondientes, los autores analizan en qué medida ambas monteas se separan de los métodos estereotómicos propuestos por la literatura hispánica de la cantería.The use of full-scale tracings as a preliminary step in stone construction is well known. The authors assert that those tracings furnish a number of valuable data about stonecutting techniques that cannot be obtained from actual members, treatises or manuscripts, even those closest to building practice. In particular, the article deals with two tracings in Murcia cathedral: the first one was found in 1999 under the altar of the inner chamber or recapilla of the funerary chapel of Gil Rodríguez de Junterón, while the second one has appeared recently behind the vestry drawers. The authors compare both tracings with the members built using them, explaining how the tracings depart from standard construction methods, in particular those described in Spanish stereotomic literature

Surveying a Sixteenth-Century Full-Scale Working Drawing. The Tracing for the Sail Vault at the Vestry of Murcia Cathedral

Full-scale tracings, drawn in plaster surfaces or engraved in stone walls and floors, were used frequently in Renaissance construction, in order to control the execution of ashlar masonry. In many occasions, these tracings furnished the shape of the templates used in the dressing process, either in true size or orthogonal projection. A large example of these tracings appeared in 2009 in the vestry of Murcia cathedral, when the sacristy drawers were disassembled in order to execute a conservation treatment against woodworm. At first sight, the tracing seemed to be related to the vault over the vestry, built in 1525 by Jacopo Torni l'Indaco, one of the first examples of ashlar sail vaults in Europe; a number of surveys confirmed that the tracing corresponds with the vault quite precisely. After an introductory section dealing with tracings and dressing techniques, the authors explain the measuring methods used in the surveys, describe the tracing, compare the tracing and the built vault, and discuss the relevance of the tracing for the history of dressing methods in European ashlar masonry.Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Murcia Deán y Cabildo de la Catedral de Murci

El uso de monteas en los talleres catedralicios: el caso murciano

Es bien conocido el empleo de trazados a tamaño natural, denominados monteas, como paso previo a la ejecución de construcciones pétreas. Los autores argumentan que estas monteas aportan datos acerca de las técnicas de cantería que no facilitan ni las propias piezas, ni los tratados y manuscritos, incluso los más cercanos a la práctica constructiva. En concreto, examinan dos monteas renacentistas en la catedral de Murcia: una de ellas hallada en 1999 bajo el altar de la recapilla de Junterón y otra recientemente aparecida en los muros de la sacristía catedralicia al desmontar la cajonería quinientista. Tras comparar ambas monteas con las piezas de cantería correspondientes, los autores analizan en qué medida ambas monteas se separan de los métodos estereotómicos propuestos por la literatura hispánica de la cantería

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Estudio histórico-arqueológico de Aledo y Totana en los siglos XV y XVI

El objetivo principal de esta tesis de doctorado es conocer la organización del espacio y la sociedad que le dio forma y habitó en los actuales municipios de Aledo y Totana (Murcia) durante los siglos XV y XVI, un periodo cronológico fundamental, la transición entre el fin de la Edad Media y el inicio de la Moderna, pues a lo largo del mismo tuvieron lugar los cambios que definirán la trayectoria histórica de las poblaciones de Aledo y Totana. Por ese motivo se consideró necesario clarificar en lo posible el medio natural, el territorio, el poblamiento y las comunicaciones, las características urbanas de ambas localidades, las actividades agrícola y ganadera y sus espacios, los aprovechamientos del monte, etc., para hacer el seguimiento de la evolución del conjunto en dicho marco temporal. Con el fin de alcanzar el objetivo propuesto hemos manejado la siguiente información disponible: fuentes documentales de los siglos XIII-XVI, en mayor medida, resultados de prospecciones e intervenciones arqueológicas y datos arqueológicos obtenidos de la propia documentación escrita, y bibliografía. La combinación de fuentes escritas y testimonios arqueológicos suele ser muy valiosa, y en nuestro caso, ha sido muy importante en algunos campos (sistema defensivo, red de caminos, sistemas hidráulicos, etc.). En cuanto a las conclusiones de este estudio destacamos: Aledo y Totana, en cuanto a su evolución como núcleos urbanos, siguieron caminos diferentes. Ambos pertenecían a la Orden de Santiago desde 1257. A finales del siglo XIII, Totana, que estaba en el valle de Guadalentín, se despobló mientras Aledo mantuvo habitantes al estar situado en un lugar elevado y defendido por una muralla. Era un enclave bien adaptado a tiempos de inseguridad por la proximidad de la frontera con el reino de Granada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XV, el reino de Murcia entraba en una fase de crecimiento económico y poblacional y Totana renació como aldea de Aledo. A partir del XVI, al estar situada cerca de grandes vías de comunicación, y con muchas tierras por roturar en el valle, se desarrolló más que la villa. De hecho, el concejo se trasladó a Totana en 1545. Desde entonces, Aledo perdió muchos habitantes y no se recuperó. Totana pasó de tener una ermita, un horno de pan y una carnicería a contar a finales del siglo XVI con varios hornos de pan, edificios religiosos, almazaras, ventas, taller de alfarería, abastecimiento de agua, etc. Aledo, por su parte, mantuvo las dotaciones que tenía a principios de dicha centuria. Los límites territoriales de Aledo con los términos vecinos (Lorca, Alhama y Mula) quedaron establecidos definitivamente por sentencias reales, tras pleitos, a finales del siglo XV. En la etapa bajomedieval, en el término de Aledo había cuatro huertas llamadas del común, de todos los vecinos: Patalache, las Viñas, El Colomí y Tirieza, y Totana, las tres últimas especializadas en vid, olivo y morera, respectivamente. En el XVI, el aumento de población trajo consigo el aumento de las zonas de regadío, en esta ocasión, de propiedad particular. También se incrementó la producción de cereal, buena prueba de ello es que en el siglo XV había un molino harinero y a finales del XVI eran siete. Desde la concesión del fuero a Aledo, el concejo administró una dehesa alrededor de la villa, el Buhalaje, mientras el resto del término quedaba en manos de los comendadores. Ahora bien, en la década de 1520, la Orden se centró en percibir rentas y derechos señoriales y el concejo se hizo con la gestión de todo el territorio. The following doctoral thesis’ main aim is to know both the space organization and the society that shaped it and lived in the current villages of Aledo and Totana during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which was a crucial chronological period. It portrays the transition from the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the Modern Era, and over the course of this period, the changes which will determine the history of Aledo and Totana took place. It is for this reason that it was necessary to clarify such aspects as the environment, the land, the settlement and communication, the urban characteristics of these two villages, the agricultural and farming activities and their areas, or the use of the mountain, in order to provide a useful follow-up of their evolution in this period. Having this purpose in mind, the following available information has been used: Firstly, and to a large extent, documentary sources from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries have been very useful. Secondly, the results found in some archaeological survey reports and the data obtained from the written paperwork itself, have also been of paramount importance. Finally, some more information was collected from the bibliography. The combination of written sources and archaeological evidence is usually very valuable, and in this study, it has been especially important in some fields; for instance, the defensive fields, the road network, or the hydraulic system, to name but a few. As far as the conclusions of this study are concerned, the ones below are highlighted: First of all, and in terms of its evolution as urban areas, it is clear that Aledo and Totana took different routes. Both villages belonged to the Order of Santiago since 1257. However, at the end of the thirteenth century, Totana, which was located in the Valley of Guadalentín, became depopulated, whereas Aledo kept inhabitants because it was placed in an elevated location and it was defended by a wall. It was also a privileged spot in times of instability, due to its closeness to the border with the Kingdom of Granada. From the second half of the fifteenth century on, the Kingdom of Murcia experienced an economic and population growth, and Totana witnessed its own revival as the small village of Aledo. In the sixteenth century, Totana developed more than Aledo, since the former was located near the most important communication roads, and it also owned much land to clear and replant. In fact, the municipal council moved to Totana in 1545. Ever since, Aledo lost many of its inhabitants and never recovered. Secondly, Totana moved from having a shrine, a bakery stove and a butcher’s to counting on several bakery stoves, religious buildings, mills, selling points, a pottery workshop, and its own water supply in the sixteenth century. Aledo, on the other hand, kept its original endowment since the beginning of the century. Thirdly, Aledo’s territorial boundaries with its neighbouring territories, i.e. Lorca, Alhama and Mula, were finally established by royal decrees at the end of the fifteenth century, and not without some litigation. Fourthly, in the late Middle Ages, Aledo had four orchards, referred to as “common areas”: Patalache, Las Viñas, El Colomí and Tirieza, and Totana, the last three of them dedicated to grapevine, olive trees, and mulberry tree, respectively. In the sixteenth century, the population growth brought along an expansion of areas of irrigation, this time private property. There was also a growth in cereal production. A proof of that is that there used to be a flour mill in the fifteenth century and by the end of the sixteenth century there were seven of them. Finally, it is important to point out that after Aledo received its town charter, the council managed a meadow named Buhalaje around the village, while the rest of the area remained the competence of the commanders. However, in the 1520s the Order focused on receiving the earned income and lordly rights, and the council eventually took over the management of the whole territory

Una prensa de viga y quintal con torre contrapeso en Librilla. Una almazara de Hacienda de Olivar en Murcia

In the Old Inn of Librilla, whose building was promoted by the House of Alba, there existed an oil mill of andalusian tradition equipped with three «viga y quintal» presses and a solid prismatic counterweight tower. The last one, designed for counteracting the push of the beam during the pressing, is an odd element in the oil mills of Murcia and its reminds of examples typical of Sevillian scope, especially where it reaches its main expression in the so-called «Haciendas de Olivar». Bearing that if mind, we will collect the specifi c vocabulary of its parts in its original area and the equivalent terminology in Murcia.En la antigua Posada de Librilla, cuya construcción fue promovida por la Casa de Alba, existió una almazara de tradición andaluza dotada con tres prensas de viga y quintal y una torre contrapeso prismática maciza. Esta última, ideada para contrarrestar el empuje de la viga durante la prensada, es un elemento extraño en los torculares murcianos que nos remite a ejemplos propios del ámbito sevillano, especialmente, donde alcanza su máxima expresión en las denominadas Haciendas de Olivar. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, recopilamos el léxico específi co de sus partes en su área original y la terminología murciana equivalente

La antigua posada de Librilla ("La más bonita que habíamos visto en España")

The Old Inn of Librilla is a noble and a singular building, a surviving model of the inns built at the end of the eighteenth century in Spain, whose building was promoted by the House of Alba. The property is made up, basically, by a main body designed for the reception and lodging of the travellers and by a group of auxiliary rooms situated round a courtyard which centralizes all the working activity related to the passers-by, the animals with traces and the maintenance of the carriages.La antigua Posada de Librilla es un noble y singular edifi cio, modelo superviviente de las posadas levantadas a fi nales del siglo XVIII en España, cuya construcción fue promovida por la Casa de Alba. El inmueble se compone, básicamente, de un edificio principal destinado a la recepción y alojamiento de los viajeros y de un conjunto de dependencias auxiliares organizadas en torno a un patio que centralizaba toda la actividad laboral relacionada con los transeúntes, los animales de tiro y el mantenimiento de los carruajes