Prevalence and Distribution of High-Risk Genotypes of HPV in Women with Severe Cervical Lesions in Madrid, Spain: Importance of Detecting Genotype 16 and Other High-Risk Genotypes

Background. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been demonstrated to be the necessary causal factor for developing cervical cancer. To know the most prevalent HR-HPV in different geographical areas is important to design diagnostic tests and implementation of vaccines. Objectives. The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in a total of 1001 patients, 198 with normal cytology results, 498 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 205 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) who attended our gynaecology department for opportunistic screening of HPV infection. Study design. Cervical samples were taken in a PreservCyt vial (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA). Hybrid capture assay was carried out following the manufacturer's instructions (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were further studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Results. Genotype 16 was the most prevalent HR-HPV in the three groups, 17.8% in the patients with normal cytology results, 22.3% in the LSIL group, and 60% in the HSIL group. Genotype 18 had a very low prevalence in all groups. Other HR-HPV genotypes such as genotype 31, genotype 58 and genotype 52 were found in significant numbers in HSIL patients. Discussion. Our data show that genotypes 16, 31, 58, and 52 are the most prevalent HR-HPV in cervical samples with severe intraepithelial lesion in Spain. There may be some geographical variation in prevalence of carcinogenic types, and it must be considered for designing diagnostic tests and vaccine

Prevalence and Distribution of High-Risk Genotypes of HPV in Women with Severe Cervical Lesions in Madrid, Spain: Importance of Detecting Genotype 16 and Other High-Risk Genotypes

Background. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been demonstrated to be the necessary causal factor for developing cervical cancer. To know the most prevalent HR-HPV in different geographical areas is important to design diagnostic tests and implementation of vaccines. Objectives. The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in a total of 1001 patients, 198 with normal cytology results, 498 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 205 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) who attended our gynaecology department for opportunistic screening of HPV infection. Study design. Cervical samples were taken in a PreservCyt vial (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA). Hybrid capture assay was carried out following the manufacturer's instructions (Digene Corp., Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were further studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Results. Genotype 16 was the most prevalent HR-HPV in the three groups, 17.8% in the patients with normal cytology results, 22.3% in the LSIL group, and 60% in the HSIL group. Genotype 18 had a very low prevalence in all groups. Other HR-HPV genotypes such as genotype 31, genotype 58 and genotype 52 were found in significant numbers in HSIL patients. Discussion. Our data show that genotypes 16, 31, 58, and 52 are the most prevalent HR-HPV in cervical samples with severe intraepithelial lesion in Spain. There may be some geographical variation in prevalence of carcinogenic types, and it must be considered for designing diagnostic tests and vaccine

A ingestão de álcool e qualidade do sêmen em homens jovens saudáveis

Over the past 50 years it has been suggested a worldwide decline in human semen quality, probably being lifestyles one of the main factors concerned. Our objectives are to describe semen quality and alcohol consumption in young university students and to explore the associations between alcohol intake and semen quality in young healthy men. A cross-sectional study was carried out between 2010 and 2011 in the Murcia Region (Spain) and included healthy young university students between 18-23 years of age. Two hundred and nine men completed questionnaires on lifestyle and diet, undertook a physical and andrological examination and provided a semen sample. Descriptive statistics are presented using untransformed data. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to analyze the associations between alcohol intake and semen quality in young men. The median (interquartile range: IQR) values for semen parameters were 42.9 x 106/mL (IQR: 21.9-72.2 x 106/mL) for sperm concentration, 8.9 % (IQR: 6.0-13.9 %) for morphologically normal sperm, and 57.2 % (IQR: 50.7-63.8 %) for sperm motility (progessive and non-progressive). There were no significant associations between alcohol consumption and any sperm parameters. Our results do not support the hypothesis that alcohol intake is related with sperm quality parameters probably due to the low alcohol consumption range in our population of healthy, unselected young men. In conclusion, moderate alcohol consumption is not associated with semen quality in young university students of Murcia Region (Spain).En los últimos 50 años se ha sugerido una disminución global de la concentración espermática humana, siendo los hábitos de vida uno de los principales determinantes señalados. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el consumo de alcohol y la calidad seminal en jóvenes varones universitarios e investigar las asociaciones entre ambas características. Se trata de un estudio transversal que se llevó a cabo en la Región de Murcia (España) entre 2010 y 2011. Los participantes fueron jóvenes universitarios sanos entre 18 y 23 años. Doscientos nueve varones cumplimentaron cuestionarios sobre hábitos de vida y alimentación, se sometieron a un examen físico y andrológico y proporcionaron una muestra seminal. Los estadísticos descriptivos se muestran como datos crudos. Para analizar las asociaciones entre consumo de alcohol y calidad seminal se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Los valores de la mediana y rango intercuartil (RIC) de los parámetros seminales analizados fueron los siguientes: 42,9 x 106/mL (RIC: 21,9-72,2 x 106/mL) de concentración espermática, 8,9 % (RIC: 6,0-13,9 %) de espermatozoides morfológicamente normales, y 57,2 % (RIC: 50,7-63,8 %) de movilidad espermática (progresiva y no progresiva). No se encontraron asociaciones significativamente estadísticas entre el consumo de alcohol y los distintos parámetros seminales. Nuestros resultados no respaldan la hipótesis de que la ingesta de alcohol esté relacionada con la calidad seminal, probablemente debido al bajo rango de consumo de alcohol en nuestra población de estudio. En conclusión, el consumo moderado de alcohol no está relacionado con la calidad seminal en jóvenes universitarios sanos de la Región de Murcia.Nos últimos 50 anos tem sugerido uma diminuição global da concentração de esperma humano e os estilos de vida foram identificados com um dos principais determinantes. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o consumo de álcool e a qualidade do sémen em jovens universitários e investigar as associações entre estas duas características. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado na Região de Múrcia (Espanha) entre 2010 e 2011. Os participantes foram estudantes universitários saudáveis, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 23 anos. Duzentos e nove rapazes responderam aos questionários sobre hábitos de vida e alimentação; submeteram-se a um exame físico e andrológico e forneceram uma amostra de sémen. Os resultados da estatística descritiva foram apresentados com dados brutos. Para analisar as associações entre o consumo de álcool e a qualidade do sémen, realizou-se a análise através de regressão linear múltipla. Os valores de mediana e o intervalo interquartil (IQR) em parâmetros do sémen analisados foram os seguintes: 42,9 x 106/mL (IQR, 21,9-72,2 x 106/mL) de concentração de espermatozóides, de 8,9 % (IQR, 6,0-13,9 %) de espermatozóides morfologicamente normais e 57,2 % (IQR, 50,7-63,8 %) da motilidade de espermática (progressiva e não progressiva). Não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre o consumo de álcool e os vários parâmetros do esperma. Os nossos resultados não apoiam a hipótese de que o consumo de álcool esteja relacionado com a qualidade do sémen, provavelmente devido ao baixo consumo de álcool na população em estudada. Conclui-se que o consumo moderado de álcool não está relacionado com a qualidade do sémen nos jovens saudáveis da universidade da Região de Murcia

Valoración de la clase virtual en Odontologia infantil y pautas para mejorarla

[ES] En los últimos años, se ha incrementado el número de estudiantes a distancia. Todo ello, sumado a la actual pandemia sufrida por la COVID-19, ha hecho que la docencia virtual haya tomado un gran protagonismo en la docencia universitaria. En el grado de Odontología, donde tiene gran peso la enseñanza presencial, debido a la pandemia tuvimos que adaptar la docencia presencial a virtual. En el presente curso estamos usando ambos tipos. Al ser la primera vez que empleábamos docencia virtual en asignaturas relacionada con la Odontología infantil, tanto en Grado como en Posgrado, nos pareció interesante valorar la opinión de los alumnos sobre la docencia virtual así como saber qué plataformas les resulta más útil para impartirlas. Rellenaron un cuestionario con preguntas multirrespuesta y preguntas abiertas. Se evaluaron las plataformas Blackboard Collaborate, Google Meet, Zoom y Skype. Los resultados más destacados fueron que: Casi el 90 % de los alumnos prefieren conectarse a la clase virtual a través de un ordenador y el 94% lo hace desde su domicilio habitual. Sólo el 1,8% valoraron la asistencia a clases virtuales como una experiencia muy mala. El 45% prefiere alternar la clase presencial con la virtual cuando se imparte la carga teórica de la asignatura. Sin embargo, un 21,9% prefiere la clase presencial, exclusivamente. Cuanto se trata de impartir la parte práctica de las asignaturas, el 86% prefiere recibir solo docencia presencial. Las plataformas más usadas y mejores evaluadas fueron Blackboard Collaborate, seguida por Google Meet. En cuanto a las respuestas abiertas, nos han permitido elaborar un documento guía con consejos para que los docentes podamos mejorar la impartición de clases virtuales. En general, la asistencia a clases virtuales ha sido positiva, pero los alumnos prefieren que los créditos prácticos de las asignaturas sean impartidos de manera presencial.Caleya, AM.; Gallardo, NE.; Sánchez, ME.; Feijoo, G.; Martín, A.; Mourelle, MR.; De Nova, JM. (2022). Valoración de la clase virtual en Odontologia infantil y pautas para mejorarla. En Proceedings INNODOCT/21. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 317-324. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2021.2021.13335OCS31732

Etiology of bloodstream infections at a population level during 2013-2017 in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, Spain

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Bloodstream Infections has become in one of the priorities for the antimicrobial stewardship teams due to their high mortality and morbidity rates. Usually, the first antibiotic treatment for this pathology must be empirical, without microbiology data about the microorganism involved. For this reason, the population studies about the etiology of bacteremia are a key factor to improve the selection of the empirical treatment, because they describe the main microorganisms associated to this pathology in each area, and this data could facilitate the selection of correct antibiotic therapy. Material and methods: This study describes the etiology of bloodstream infections in the Southeast of Spain. The etiology of bacteremia was analysed by a retrospective review of all age-ranged patients from every public hospital in the Autonomous Community of Valencia (approximately 5,000,000 inhabitants) for five years. Results: A total of 92,097 isolates were obtained, 44.5% of them were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Enterobacteriales was the most prevalent group and an increase in frequency was observed along the time. Streptococcus spp. were the second microorganisms more frequently isolated. Next, the most prevalent were Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., both with a stable incidence along the study. Finally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the fifth microorganism more frequently solated. Conclusions: These data constitute a useful tool that can help in the choice of empirical treatment for bloodstream infections, since the knowledge of local epidemiology is key to prescribe a fast and appropriate antibiotic therapy, aspect capital to improve survival.RESUMEN: Introducción: Las bacteriemias se han convertido en una de las prioridades de los Programas de Optimización de uso de Antimicrobianos (PROA) debido a sus altas tasas de morbimortalidad. Normalmente, el tratamiento antibiótico tiene que ser pautado de forma empírica, sin datos del microorganismo implicado. Por esto, los estudios poblacionales sobre la etiología de las bacteriemias son un factor clave para mejorar la elección del tratamiento empírico, ya que describen los principales microorganismos asociados a esta patología en cada área, lo que facilita en gran medida la selección del antibiótico correcto. Material y métodos: Este estudio describe la etiología de las bacteriemias en el sureste de España durante los años 2013-2017. La etología fue analizada de forma retrospectiva estudiando los microorganismos implicados en todas las bacteriemias diagnosticadas en la Comunidad Valenciana (5.000.000 de habitantes). Resultados. Se obtuvieron un total de 92.097 aislados clínicos, de los cuales un 44,5% fueron Staphylococcus coa-gulasa negativos. Las enterobacterias fueron el grupo más prevalente, su frecuencia se incrementó durante el estudio. Los cocos grampositivos, tipo Streptococcus, fueron los siguientes microorganismos que se aislaron de forma más frecuente, su frecuencia disminuyó a lo largo del periodo estudiado. A continuación, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp. les siguieron en prevalencia, manteniéndose sus tasas estables a lo largo del estudio. Por último, el quinto microorganismo más prevalente fue Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos en este estudio constituyen una herramienta que puede facilitar la elección correcta del tratamiento empírico inicial que debe aplicarse en estos procesos

S-Nitrosation of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex Components Regulates Hormonal Signalings in Arabidopsis

E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate the last step of the ubiquitination pathway in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). By targeting transcriptional regulators for their turnover, E3s play a crucial role in every aspect of plant biology. In plants, SKP1/CULLIN1/F-BOX PROTEIN (SCF)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are essential for the perception and signaling of several key hormones including auxins and jasmonates (JAs). F-box proteins, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1) and CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1), bind directly transcriptional repressors AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) and JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) in auxin- and JAs-depending manner, respectively, which permits the perception of the hormones and transcriptional activation of signaling pathways. Redox modification of proteins mainly by S-nitrosation of cysteines (Cys) residues via nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a valued regulatory mechanism in physiological processes requiring its rapid and versatile integration. Previously, we demonstrated that TIR1 and Arabidopsis thaliana SKP1 (ASK1) are targets of S-nitrosation, and these NO-dependent posttranslational modifications enhance protein-protein interactions and positively regulate SCFTIR1 complex assembly and expression of auxin response genes. In this work, we confirmed S-nitrosation of Cys140 in TIR1, which was associated in planta to auxin-dependent developmental and stress-associated responses. In addition, we provide evidence on the modulation of the SCFCOI1 complex by different S-nitrosation events. We demonstrated that S-nitrosation of ASK1 Cys118 enhanced ASK1-COI1 protein-protein interaction. Overexpression of non-nitrosable ask1 mutant protein impaired the activation of JA-responsive genes mediated by SCFCOI1 illustrating the functional relevance of this redox-mediated regulation in planta. In silico analysis positions COI1 as a promising S-nitrosation target, and demonstrated that plants treated with methyl JA (MeJA) or S-nitrosocysteine (NO-Cys, S-nitrosation agent) develop shared responses at a genome-wide level. The regulation of SCF components involved in hormonal perception by S-nitrosation may represent a key strategy to determine the precise time and site-dependent activation of each hormonal signaling pathway and highlights NO as a pivotal molecular player in these scenarios.Fil: Terrile, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Tebez, Nuria Malena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Colman, Silvana Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Mateos, Julieta Lisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Morato López, Esperanza. CENTRO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR SEVERO OCHOA (CBMSO) ; UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID;Fil: Sánchez López, Nuria. CENTRO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR SEVERO OCHOA (CBMSO) ; UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID;Fil: Izquierdo Álvarez, Alicia. No especifíca;Fil: Marina, Anabel. CENTRO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR SEVERO OCHOA (CBMSO) ; UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID;Fil: Calderón Villalobos, Luz Irina A.. Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; Estados UnidosFil: Estelle, Mark. No especifíca;Fil: Martínez Ruiz, Antonio. No especifíca;Fil: Fiol, Diego Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Casalongue, Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentin

Immune biomarkers to predict SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies

There is evidence of reduced SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. We hypothesized that tumor and treatment-related immunosuppression can be depicted in peripheral blood, and that immune profiling prior to vaccination can help predict immunogenicity. We performed a comprehensive immunological characterization of 83 hematological patients before vaccination and measured IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to four viral antigens at day +7 after second-dose COVID-19 vaccination using multidimensional and computational flow cytometry. Health care practitioners of similar age were the control group (n = 102). Forty-four out of 59 immune cell types were significantly altered in patients; those with monoclonal gammopathies showed greater immunosuppression than patients with B-cell disorders and Hodgkin lymphoma. Immune dysregulation emerged before treatment, peaked while on-therapy, and did not return to normalcy after stopping treatment. We identified an immunotype that was significantly associated with poor antibody response and uncovered that the frequency of neutrophils, classical monocytes, CD4, and CD8 effector memory CD127low T cells, as well as naive CD21+ and IgM+D+ memory B cells, were independently associated with immunogenicity. Thus, we provide novel immune biomarkers to predict COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in hematological patients, which are complementary to treatment-related factors and may help tailoring possible vaccine boosters

ALL-268 genetic classification of B-Cell precursor adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients enrolled in LAL19 trial from the pethema group: response to treatment and survival

Context: B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous neoplasm with >20 biologic subtypes. Each subtype shows specific genetic traits that determine relapse risk and patients' survival. Objectives: To establish the genetic subtype (primary alteration) of adult BCP ALL patients enrolled in the PETHEMA LAL19 trial (NCT 04179929) and to correlate them with measurable residual disease (MRD) level and survival. Patients and Methods: In the LAL19 trial (NCT04179929), Ph-negative patients (18–65 y) with MRD≥0.01% at day+35 or high-risk genetics receive alloHSCT and MRD<0.01% patients with standard-risk genetics receive maintenance chemotherapy. The genetic analyses are centralized: FISH and NGS DNA panel (Hospital de Salamanca), RNAseq panel (Hospital 12 de Octubre), FISH panel (Hospital La Fe), and SNP array (Josep Carreras Institute/ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol). MRD determinations are centrally done by next-generation flow cytometry in the Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, University of Salamanca. Results: The genetic subtype was identified in 54% (82/152) of patients. The most recurrent subtypes were KMT2Ar (11%), Ph-like (mostly CRLF2::IGH, 11%), low-hypodiploid (7%), PAX5 P80R (7%), high-hyperdiploid (6%), and t(1;19)/TCF3::PBX1 (6%). In addition, t(12;21)/ETV6::RUNX1, ZNF384r, and iAMP21 subtypes (1.5% each) and MEF2Dr, MYCr, IDH1 R132 subtypes (<1% each) were found. Regarding secondary alterations, NRAS (15%), TP53 (13%), PAX5 (13%), and KRAS (10%) mutations were the most frequently observed. Twelve patients were refractory (mainly low-hypodiploid, Ph-like, MYCr, and B-other/unclassified patients). Statistically significant differences were observed for day+35 MRD levels between genetic subtypes. Ph-like, low-hypodiploid, and KMT2Ar showed lower frequencies of MRD<0.01% (17%, 33%, and 57%, respectively) than patients with PAX5P80R (100%), t(1;19)/TCF3::PBX1 (83%), and high-hyperdiploid (75%) (P=0.006). Despite the short median follow-up (11 months), differences in response to treatment were reflected in patients' survival. Significant differences in survival were observed between poor-response subtypes (Ph-like, KMT2Ar, and low-hypodiploid) and good-response subtypes (PAX5 P80R, t(1;19)/TCF3::PBX1, and high-hyperdiploid). Conclusions: Knowing the genetic subtype of each ALL is crucial to better predict relapse risk and offer the best (personalized) treatment for each patient

Montlleó (Prats i Sansor, Cerdanya). El primer jaciment magdalenià a l'aire lliure en altitud al cor dels Pirineus

El jaciment de Montlleó ha estat una de les grans novetats del Paleolític Superior pirinenc en general i català en particular dels darrers anys. La seva localització a la Cerdanya ja era un repte per si mateix, i l'antiguitat que ens han marcat el material arqueològic i el radiocarboni ens ha confirmat el seu interès cabdal. Aquest treball és, de fet, la primera notícia extensa que es publica, després de les primeres campanyes d'excavacions entre 2000 i 2003. Descriurem el procés de descobriment del jaciment, fet per un dels signants de l'article (JG), l'entorn en el qual es troba i els primers resultats cronoculturals i socioeconòmics que ens ha ofert

Analysis of the information about Doctoral Degrees presented in the Spanish universities websites.

Globalization has intensified competition, as evidenced by the growing number of international classification systems (rankings) and the attention paid to them. Doctoral education has an international character in itself. It should promote opportunities for graduate students lo participate in these international studies. The quality and competitiveness are two of the most important issues for universities. To promote the interest of graduates to continue their education after the graduate level, it would be necessary to improve the published information of ihe doctoral programs. It should increase the visibility and provide high-quality, easily accessible and comparable information which includes all the relevant aspects of these programs. The authors analysed the website contents of doctoral programs, it was observed a lack of quality of them and very poor information about the contents, so that it was decided that any of them could constitute a model for creating new websites. The recommendations on the format and contents in the web were made by a discussion group. They recommended an attractive design; a page with easy access to contents and easy to find on Ihe net and with the information in more than one language. It should include complete program and academic staff information. It should also be included the study's results which should be easily accessible and includes quantitative data, such as number of students who completed scholars, publications, research projects, average duration of the studies, etc. It will facilitate the choice of progra