Future Atmospheric Rivers and Impacts on Precipitation: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 High‐Resolution Global Warming Experiment

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow synoptic scale weather features important for Earth’s hydrological cycle typically transporting water vapor poleward, delivering precipitation important for local climates. Understanding ARs in a warming climate is problematic because the AR response to climate change is tied to how the feature is defined. The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) provides insights into this problem by comparing 16 atmospheric river detection tools (ARDTs) to a common data set consisting of high resolution climate change simulations from a global atmospheric general circulation model. ARDTs mostly show increases in frequency and intensity, but the scale of the response is largely dependent on algorithmic criteria. Across ARDTs, bulk characteristics suggest intensity and spatial footprint are inversely correlated, and most focus regions experience increases in precipitation volume coming from extreme ARs. The spread of the AR precipitation response under climate change is large and dependent on ARDT selection

The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): Quantifying Uncertainties in Atmospheric River Climatology

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are now widely known for their association with high‐impact weather events and long‐term water supply in many regions. Researchers within the scientific community have developed numerous methods to identify and track of ARs—a necessary step for analyses on gridded data sets, and objective attribution of impacts to ARs. These different methods have been developed to answer specific research questions and hence use different criteria (e.g., geometry, threshold values of key variables, and time dependence). Furthermore, these methods are often employed using different reanalysis data sets, time periods, and regions of interest. The goal of the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) is to understand and quantify uncertainties in AR science that arise due to differences in these methods. This paper presents results for key AR‐related metrics based on 20+ different AR identification and tracking methods applied to Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 reanalysis data from January 1980 through June 2017. We show that AR frequency, duration, and seasonality exhibit a wide range of results, while the meridional distribution of these metrics along selected coastal (but not interior) transects are quite similar across methods. Furthermore, methods are grouped into criteria‐based clusters, within which the range of results is reduced. AR case studies and an evaluation of individual method deviation from an all‐method mean highlight advantages/disadvantages of certain approaches. For example, methods with less (more) restrictive criteria identify more (less) ARs and AR‐related impacts. Finally, this paper concludes with a discussion and recommendations for those conducting AR‐related research to consider.Fil: Rutz, Jonathan J.. National Ocean And Atmospheric Administration; Estados UnidosFil: Shields, Christine A.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados UnidosFil: Lora, Juan M.. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Payne, Ashley E.. University of Michigan; Estados UnidosFil: Guan, Bin. California Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Ullrich, Paul. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: O'Brien, Travis. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Leung, Ruby. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Ralph, F. Martin. Center For Western Weather And Water Extremes; Estados UnidosFil: Wehner, Michael. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Brands, Swen. Meteogalicia; EspañaFil: Collow, Allison. Universities Space Research Association; Estados UnidosFil: Goldenson, Naomi. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Gorodetskaya, Irina. Universidade de Aveiro; PortugalFil: Griffith, Helen. University of Reading; Reino UnidoFil: Kashinath, Karthik. Lawrence Bekeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Kawzenuk, Brian. Center For Western Weather And Water Extremes; Reino UnidoFil: Krishnan, Harinarayan. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Kurlin, Vitaliy. University of Liverpool; Reino UnidoFil: Lavers, David. European Centre For Medium-range Weather Forecasts; Estados UnidosFil: Magnusdottir, Gudrun. University of California at Irvine; Estados UnidosFil: Mahoney, Kelly. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Mc Clenny, Elizabeth. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Muszynski, Grzegorz. University of Liverpool; Reino Unido. Lawrence Bekeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Nguyen, Phu Dinh. University of California at Irvine; Estados UnidosFil: Prabhat, Mr.. Lawrence Bekeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Qian, Yun. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Ramos, Alexandre M.. Universidade Nova de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Sarangi, Chandan. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Viale, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentin

Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human–wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.Peer reviewe

Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

DATA AND MATERIALS AVAILABILITY : The full dataset used in the final analyses (33) and associated code (34) are available at Dryad. A subset of the spatial coordinate datasets is available at Zenodo (35). Certain datasets of spatial coordinates will be available only through requests made to the authors due to conservation and Indigenous sovereignty concerns (see table S1 for more information on data use restrictions and contact information for data requests). These sensitive data will be made available upon request to qualified researchers for research purposes, provided that the data use will not threaten the study populations, such as by distribution or publication of the coordinates or detailed maps. Some datasets, such as those overseen by government agencies, have additional legal restrictions on data sharing, and researchers may need to formally apply for data access. Collaborations with data holders are generally encouraged, and in cases where data are held by Indigenous groups or institutions from regions that are under-represented in the global science community, collaboration may be required to ensure inclusion.COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.The Radboud Excellence Initiative, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the National Science Foundation, Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Dutch Research Council NWO program “Advanced Instrumentation for Wildlife Protection”, Fondation Segré, RZSS, IPE, Greensboro Science Center, Houston Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, Nashville Zoo, Naples Zoo, Reid Park Zoo, Miller Park, WWF, ZCOG, Zoo Miami, Zoo Miami Foundation, Beauval Nature, Greenville Zoo, Riverbanks zoo and garden, SAC Zoo, La Passarelle Conservation, Parc Animalier d’Auvergne, Disney Conservation Fund, Fresno Chaffee zoo, Play for nature, North Florida Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, a Liber Ero Fellowship, the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Teck Coal, and the Grand Teton Association. The collection of Norwegian moose data was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency, the German Ministry of Education and Research via the SPACES II project ORYCS, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Bureau of Land Management, Muley Fanatic Foundation (including Southwest, Kemmerer, Upper Green, and Blue Ridge Chapters), Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resources Trust, Knobloch Family Foundation, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Wyoming Governor’s Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, Pope and Young Club, US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Wyoming Wild Sheep Foundation, Wild Sheep Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife/Livestock Disease Research Partnership, the US National Science Foundation [IOS-1656642 and IOS-1656527, the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias, Sigrid Rausing Trust, Batubay Özkan, Barbara Watkins, NSERC Discovery Grant, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act under Pittman-Robertson project, the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Rufford Foundation, an American Society of Mammalogists African Graduate Student Research Fund, the German Science Foundation, the Israeli Science Foundation, the BSF-NSF, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food and Slovenian Research Agency (CRP V1-1626), the Aage V. Jensen Naturfond (project: Kronvildt - viden, værdier og værktøjer), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy, National Centre for Research and Development in Poland, the Slovenian Research Agency, the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Whitley Fund for Nature, Acton Family Giving, Zoo Basel, Columbus, Bioparc de Doué-la-Fontaine, Zoo Dresden, Zoo Idaho, Kolmården Zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo, La Passarelle, Zoo New England, Tierpark Berlin, Tulsa Zoo, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the National Science Foundation, Parks Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Alberta Environment and Parks, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Safari Club International and Alberta Conservation Association, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnología (CONACYT) of Paraguay, the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, EU funded Interreg SI-HR 410 Carnivora Dinarica project, Paklenica and Plitvice Lakes National Parks, UK Wolf Conservation Trust, EURONATUR and Bernd Thies Foundation, the Messerli Foundation in Switzerland and WWF Germany, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, NASA Ecological Forecasting Program, the Ecotone Telemetry company, the French National Research Agency, LANDTHIRST, grant REPOS awarded by the i-Site MUSE thanks to the “Investissements d’avenir” program, the ANR Mov-It project, the USDA Hatch Act Formula Funding, the Fondation Segre and North American and European Zoos listed at http://www.giantanteater.org/, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, the Yellowstone Forever and the National Park Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant, and State University of New York, various donors to the Botswana Predator Conservation Program, data from collared caribou in the Northwest Territories were made available through funds from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. The European Research Council Horizon2020, the British Ecological Society, the Paul Jones Family Trust, and the Lord Kelvin Adam Smith fund, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks. The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe Fish and Game Department and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Koniag Native Corporation, Old Harbor Native Corporation, Afognak Native Corporation, Ouzinkie Native Corporation, Natives of Kodiak Native Corporation and the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Slovenia Hunters Association and Slovenia Forest Service. F.C. was partly supported by the Resident Visiting Researcher Fellowship, IMéRA/Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), which is financed by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society.https://www.science.org/journal/sciencehj2023Mammal Research InstituteZoology and Entomolog

Hourly Analyses of the Large Storms and Atmospheric Rivers that Provide Most of California’s Precipitation in Only 10 to 100 Hours per Year

https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2018v16iss4art1 California is regularly affected by floods and droughts, primarily as a result of too many or too few atmospheric rivers (ARs). This study analyzes a 2-decade-long hourly precipitation data set from 176 California weather stations and a 3-hourly AR chronology to report variations in rainfall events across California and their association with ARs. On average, 10–40 and 60–120 hours of rainfall in southern and northern California, respectively, are responsible for more than half of annual rainfall accumulations. Approximately 10% to 30% of annual precipitation at locations across the state is from only one large storm. On average, northern California receives 25 to 45 rainfall events annually (40% to 50% of which are AR-related). These events typically last longer and have higher event-precipitation totals than those in southern California. Northern California also receives more AR landfalls with longer durations and stronger Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT). On average, ARs contribute 79%, 76%, and 68% of extreme-rainfall accumulations (i.e., top 5% events annually) in the north coast, northern Sierra, and Transverse Ranges of southern California, respectively.The San Francisco Bay Area terrain gap in the California Coast Range allows more AR water vapor to reach inland over the Delta and Sacramento Valley, and thus influences precipitation in the Delta’s catchment. This is particularly important for extreme precipitation in the northern Sierra Nevada, including river basins above Oroville Dam and Shasta Dam. This study highlights differences between rainfall and AR characteristics in coastal versus inland northern California — differences that largely determine the regional geography of flood risks and water reliability. These analyses support water resource, flood, levee, wetland, and ecosystem management within the catchment of the San Francisco Estuary system by describing regional characteristics of ARs and their influence on rainfall on an hourly time-scale.

Meridional Heat Transport During Atmospheric Rivers in High‐Resolution CESM Climate Projections

Meridional sensible and latent heat transport is evaluated for regions with landfalling atmospheric rivers using both MERRA‐2 reanalysis and fully coupled CESM1.3 high‐resolution climate projections. Western North America, the United Kingdom, and the Iberian Peninsula are chosen to represent the regions significantly impacted by atmospheric rivers (ARs). CESM1.3 historical simulations can accurately represent both sensible and latent regional meridional heat transports compared to MERRA‐2 both for the total period analyzed (1980–2016) and for days with atmospheric rivers only. Uncertainty in these calculations due to AR identification is assessed by applying available Tier 1 AR‐catalogs from Atmospheric Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) to the MERRA‐2 analysis. CESM1.3 climate projections suggest that under global warming, latent heat transport increases across all regions in the mid‐latitudes where sensible heat decreases (increases) for western North America (Europe). Generally, changes to the meridional heat transport are forced by the upper‐level meridional wind component.Plain Language SummaryAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, filamentary structures in the atmosphere that transport significant amounts of water and energy from lower latitudes to higher latitudes. They can be considered a subset of an extratropical storm and are commonly found in the mid‐latitudes. To date, the majority of research has focused on water transport simply because ARs are an important part of Earth’s hydrological cycle and can act as either drought‐busters or mechanisms for catastrophic floods, particularly in regions such as western North America and western Europe. Here, rather than focusing on water transport, we analyze two key contributors to total energy transport in the atmosphere: (1) heat produced by the phase changes of water (latent heat) and (2) heat produced by a change in temperature (sensible heat). With global warming, for days with landfalling atmospheric rivers, we find that sensible heat transport decreases for western North America but increases for western Europe. Latent heat transport, however, increases across all regions.Key PointsHeat transport during landfalling atmospheric rivers is explicitly computed for western North America and EuropeUnder global warming, latent heat transport increases across all regions in the mid‐latitudes where sensible heat decreases (increases) for western North America (Europe)Upper‐level meridional wind component dominates changes in heat transportPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/1/grl59980-sup-0001-2019GL085565-SI.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/2/grl59980-sup-0007-2019GL085565-fs06.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/3/grl59980-sup-0008-2019GL085565-fs07.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/4/grl59980-sup-0010-2019GL085565-fs09.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/5/grl59980-sup-0006-2019GL085565-fs05.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/6/grl59980-sup-0009-2019GL085565-fs08.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/7/grl59980_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/8/grl59980.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/9/grl59980-sup-0011-2019GL085565-fs10.pd

Meridional Heat Transport During Atmospheric Rivers in High‐Resolution CESM Climate Projections

Meridional sensible and latent heat transport is evaluated for regions with landfalling atmospheric rivers using both MERRA‐2 reanalysis and fully coupled CESM1.3 high‐resolution climate projections. Western North America, the United Kingdom, and the Iberian Peninsula are chosen to represent the regions significantly impacted by atmospheric rivers (ARs). CESM1.3 historical simulations can accurately represent both sensible and latent regional meridional heat transports compared to MERRA‐2 both for the total period analyzed (1980–2016) and for days with atmospheric rivers only. Uncertainty in these calculations due to AR identification is assessed by applying available Tier 1 AR‐catalogs from Atmospheric Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) to the MERRA‐2 analysis. CESM1.3 climate projections suggest that under global warming, latent heat transport increases across all regions in the mid‐latitudes where sensible heat decreases (increases) for western North America (Europe). Generally, changes to the meridional heat transport are forced by the upper‐level meridional wind component.Plain Language SummaryAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, filamentary structures in the atmosphere that transport significant amounts of water and energy from lower latitudes to higher latitudes. They can be considered a subset of an extratropical storm and are commonly found in the mid‐latitudes. To date, the majority of research has focused on water transport simply because ARs are an important part of Earth’s hydrological cycle and can act as either drought‐busters or mechanisms for catastrophic floods, particularly in regions such as western North America and western Europe. Here, rather than focusing on water transport, we analyze two key contributors to total energy transport in the atmosphere: (1) heat produced by the phase changes of water (latent heat) and (2) heat produced by a change in temperature (sensible heat). With global warming, for days with landfalling atmospheric rivers, we find that sensible heat transport decreases for western North America but increases for western Europe. Latent heat transport, however, increases across all regions.Key PointsHeat transport during landfalling atmospheric rivers is explicitly computed for western North America and EuropeUnder global warming, latent heat transport increases across all regions in the mid‐latitudes where sensible heat decreases (increases) for western North America (Europe)Upper‐level meridional wind component dominates changes in heat transportPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/1/grl59980-sup-0001-2019GL085565-SI.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/2/grl59980-sup-0007-2019GL085565-fs06.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/3/grl59980-sup-0008-2019GL085565-fs07.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/4/grl59980-sup-0010-2019GL085565-fs09.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/5/grl59980-sup-0006-2019GL085565-fs05.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/6/grl59980-sup-0009-2019GL085565-fs08.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/7/grl59980_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/8/grl59980.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153752/9/grl59980-sup-0011-2019GL085565-fs10.pd

Atmospheric rivers emerge as a global science and applications focus

ISSN:0003-0007ISSN:1520-047

Global and Regional Perspectives

This book is intended to summarize the state of the science of atmospheric rivers (ARs) and itsapplication to practical decision-making and broader policy topics. It is the first book on thesubject and is intended to be a learning resource for professionals, students, and indeed anyonenew to the field, as well as a reference source for all.We first envisioned the book during the heady days of 2013 when the Center for WesternWeather and Water Extremes was being planned and established. However, right from the start,we recognized that the effort required would exceed that of any single or couple of authors, andthat the book would surely benefit from a broad range of perspectives and knowledge from avariety of leaders of atmospheric-river science from around the world. Consequently, the firststep toward this book was to organize workshops addressing various aspects of AR science thatwe were able to co-opt, in part, for recruitment of, and discussions among, possible contributingauthors. This led to the diverse authorship team that ultimately wrote this book, as well asour engagement of an experienced publication and book editing team. Among the strategiesagreed to by the contributing authors, one key decision was that the book would focus mostlyon results that have already been published and would emphasize figures and references fromthose formal publications. Where vital, new information has been developed and incorporated.Each chapter was led by a few expert lead authors recruited by the four of us, and those chapterleads recruited contributions from other experts on the chapter topic. Each chapter wasreviewed by other specialists who were not part of its authorship team, generally including onehighly technical expert and one reviewer intended to represent members of a broader audience.This helped ensure the accuracy of interpretations as well as high standards and accessibilityof presentation. We, the editors of the book, reviewed all chapters at various stages of compositionand layout.Given currently high levels of interest in ARs in the scientific community as well as by thepublic, we hope that the book will be a useful starting place for many readers. Writing a bookabout a topic that is as new and that is advancing as quickly as AR science is today (in 2018)poses many difficult challenges but, with the help of the large team of expert authors who havecontributed, we believe that, with this book, we are providing a firm foundation for futureexpansion and advances in this important field.Fil: Rutz, Jonathan J.. National Weather Service; Estados UnidosFil: Guan, Bin. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Bozkurt, Deniz. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas; ChileFil: Gorodetskaya, Irina V.. University Of Alveiro; PortugalFil: Gershunov, Alexander. University of California at San Diego. Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Estados UnidosFil: Lavers, David A.. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Reino UnidoFil: Mahoney, Kelly. National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration; Estados UnidosFil: Moore, B.. University of Colorado; Estados UnidosFil: Neff, William. University of Colorado; Estados UnidosFil: Neiman, Paul J.. National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration; Estados UnidosFil: Ralph, Martin F.. University of California at San Diego. Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Estados UnidosFil: Ramos, Alexander M.. Universidade Nova de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Steen Larsen, H.C.. University of Bergen; NoruegaFil: Tsukernik, Maria. Brown University; Estados UnidosFil: Valenzuela, Raúl. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas; ChileFil: Viale, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Wernli, H.. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; Suiz