Sorghum cultivation technology

Bakalaureusetöö Põllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise õppekavalEesti põllumajandus on viimasel ajal saanud erinevaid eksootilisi uusi kultuure katsetada, millest poleks kümmekond aastat tagasi jõutud unistadagi. Oli aegu, kui mais oli eestlastele tundmatu, kuid nüüdseks on söödaviljana vägagi tuntud. Just söödakultuurina on Eesti põllumeestele viimastel aastatel huvi pakkuma hakanud Aafrika rohi ehk sorgo, mille kasvatamine on alles katsepõldudel. Sorgo (ingl. k. sorghum) on üheaastane proteiinirikas heintaim, millel on väga hea põuataluvus, kõrge saagikus ning lühike kasvuaeg (u 90 päeva). Lisaks on võimalik tänu hübriidsordile (sorghum-sudangrass) kasvatada sorgot mitmeniitelisena ning saada põllult hea saak. Käesoleva töö eesmärk on anda ülevaade sorgo kasvutehnoloogiast ning analüüsida sorgo potentsiaali Eesti kliimatingimustes kahe katseaasta tulemuste põhjal. Kui varasemalt on katsetatud sorgot Eestis ilma väetus- ja taimekaitseplaanita, siis käesolevas töös uuriti ka erinevate toimeainetega herbitsiidide mõju sorgo saagile, kasvule ning umbrohtudele. Katsed viidi läbi 2020. aasta suvel Pae külas, Raplamaal ja Neemiskülas, Tartumaal. Kasutati erinevaid väetiseid ning herbitsiide. Kokku oli neli katselappi, kogupindalaga 10 hektarit. Herbitsiididest kasutati Estet 600 EC ja MCPA Classic 750 SL. Kõige kõrgem saak, 25 t/ha, saadi Neemisküla põllult, kus väetati veisesõnnikuga ning kasutati herbitsiidi Estet 600 EC. Kõige ebaefektiivsem oli katsepõld, kus külvati sorgot segus kaeraga ning kaer tõrjus sorgo täielikult välja. Töö tulemusena näidati, et sorgo on sobilik silokultuur Eesti tingimustes. Edaspidi peaks külvama ka teisi sorgo sorte ning katsetama erinevate väetistega ning taimekaitsenormidega.Estonian agriculture has recently been able to experiment with various exotic new cultures, which were not even dreamed of a decade ago. There were times when corn was unknown to Estonians, but now it is very well known as a feed grain. As a fodder crop, Estonian farmers have become interested in sorghum, called Africian grass, recent years, the cultivation of which is still in experimental fields. Sorghum (sorghum) is an annual protein-rich grass with very good drought tolerance, high yields and fast growing time (about 90 days). In addition, thanks to the hybrid variety (sorghum-sudangrass), it is possible to grow sorghum in several shoots and get a good harvest from the field. This work is research on sorghum in general and also experimental, which explains the potential of sorghum in Estonian climatic conditions. As sorghum has previously been tested in Estonia without a fertilization and plant protection plan. This work aimed to analyze the effect of herbicides with different active ingredients on sorghum yield, as well. The experiments were carried out in the summer of 2020 in Pae village, Raplamaa and Neemisküla, Tartumaa. Various fertilizers and herbicides were used. There were four test plots in total, with a total area of 10 hectares. Of the herbicides, Estet 600 EC and MCPA Classic 750 SL were used. The best yield of 25 t / ha came from the Neemisküla field, where cattle manure and herbicide Estet 600 EC was used. The sorghum-oat mixture in one field in Pae Village was the most inefficient, as oat outgrew sorgum completely.. As the result of this work, it was shown that sorghum gives a decent biomass in Estonia and it provides strong candicate as protein feedstock. In addition, sorghum can be harvested twice in the summer and is suitable for feeding. In the future, other varieties should be sown and tested with different fertilizers and plant protection rates

Pain, autonomic dysfunction, and course of disease in Guillain-Barré Syndrome

The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy. Until now, GBS remains a descripti ve diagnosis for which there are no specific diagnostic tests. The combinati on of rapidly progressive symmetrical weakness in arms and legs with or without sensory disturbances, hypo- or areflexia, in the absence of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cellular reacti on, remains the hallmark for the clinical diagnosis of GBS. In GBS, there is a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms and severity in the acute phase. During the subsequent course of disease, the presence and severity of residual symptoms is highly variable. In most treatment studies only severely aff ected pati ents (those being unable to walk without assistance; GBS disability scale grade have been included. Because progressive paralysis is the most striking and alarming symptom of GBS, most att enti on generally is given to the rapid progression and severity of weakness in the acute phase. There are however some underexposed but important issues in GBS like residual fi ndings in parti cular in pati ents which limited weakness (mildly aff ected pati ents), a fl uctuati ng course aft er initi al improvement (treatment related fl uctuati ons (TRF)), the transiti on to chronic infl ammatory demyelinati ng polyneuropathy (CIDP) and the frequency and nature of pain and autonomic dysfuncti on that have been studied limited so far. These issues have formed the basis of the studies described in this thesis. The following cases illustrate the importance of these underexposed issues

Diel patterns of leaf and root growth: endogenous rhythmicity or environmental response?

Plants are sessile organisms forced to adjust to their surrounding environment. In a single plant the photoautotrophic shoot is exposed to pronounced environmental variations recurring in a day-night 24 h (diel) cycle, whereas the heterotrophic root grows in a temporally less fluctuating environment. The contrasting habitats of shoots and roots are reflected in different diel growth patterns and their responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Differences between diel leaf growth patterns of mono- and dicotyledonous plants correspond to their different organization and placement of growth zones. In monocots, heterotrophic growth zones are organized linearly and protected from the environment by sheaths of older leaves. In contrast, photosynthetically active growth zones of dicot leaves are exposed directly to the environment and show characteristic, species-specific diel growth patterns. It is hypothesized that the different exposure to environmental constraints and simultaneously the sink/source status of the growing organs may have induced distinct endogenous control of diel growth patterns in roots and leaves of monocot and dicot plants. Confronted by strong temporal fluctuations in environment, the circadian clock may facilitate robust intrinsic control of leaf growth in dicot plant

Linear separability in superordinate natural language concepts.

Two experiments are reported in which linear separability was investigated in superordinate natural language concept pairs (e.g., toiletry-sewing gear). Representations of the exemplars of semantically related concept pairs were derived in two to five dimensions using multidimensional scaling (MDS) of similarities based on possession of the concept features. Next, category membership, obtained from an exemplar generation study (in Experiment 1) and from a forced-choice classification task (in Experiment 2) was predicted from the coordinates of the MDS representation using log linear analysis. The results showed that all natural kind concept pairs were perfectly linearly separable, whereas artifact concept pairs showed several violations. Clear linear separability of natural language concept pairs is in line with independent cue models. The violations in the artifact pairs, however, yield clear evidence against the independent cue models

Feature integration in natural language concepts

Two experiments measured the joint influence of three key sets of semantic features on the frequency with which artifacts (Experiment 1) or plants and creatures (Experiment 2) were categorized in familiar categories. For artifacts, current function outweighed both originally intended function and current appearance. For biological kinds, appearance and behavior, an inner biological function, and appearance and behavior of offspring all had similarly strong effects on categorization. The data were analyzed to determine whether an independent cue model or an interactive model best accounted for how the effects of the three feature sets combined. Feature integration was found to be additive for artifacts but interactive for biological kinds. In keeping with this, membership in contrasting artifact categories tended to be superadditive, indicating overlapping categories, whereas for biological kinds, it was subadditive, indicating conceptual gaps between categories. It is argued that the results underline a key domain difference between artifact and biological concepts

Средневековая армянская архитектура в Крыму на примере Белогорского района

Цель работы - раскрыть вопрос о возникновении и развитии средневековой армянской архитектуры в Крыму на примере Белогорского района