Regulation and the trickle-down effect of women in leadership roles

We use an event study design to provide evidence demonstrating how the trickle-down effect is influenced by the introduction of regulation on board gender diversity. In 2011, a new regulation was suddenly introduced for firms listed on the United Kingdom’s FTSE 350 index, the regulatory intervention put forward recommendations to increase the representation of women on the boards of FTSE 350 listed firms – the most critical recommendation was a voluntary target of having twenty-five percent of board positions held by women. We argue this change in regulation represents an exogenous shock, we utilize this shock to investigate how regulation influences the trickle-down of women’s representation from board level to senior management. We find evidence of a positive relationship between women on boards and women’s representation in senior management during the pre-regulation era – otherwise referred to as the trickle-down effect. However, the introduction of regulation had the unintended consequence of weakening the relationship between women on boards and women in senior management. Our results suggest that the trickle-down effect varies between different contexts and settings. We discuss the implications for research and practice

Dificultades alimentarias en niños prematuros y a término. Una comparación entre edades

The main objective of this research was to determine whether there were differences in the prevalence of feeding problems in premature and full-term children at two age ranges. Methods: The sample consisted in 270 children. We used the EADAN. Results: extremely preterm children had the higher prevalence of feeding difficulties.  Preterm infants presented a wide range of indicators of feeding difficulties during the first 2 years of life. However, these behaviors tend to resolve from 25 months of age. In the full-term children group, some behaviors related to feeding difficulties appear from 25 months onwards. Conclusions: feeding behavior tend to improve with age at preterm group. However, in full-term children behaviors related to feeding difficulties appear from 25 months onwards.El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existían diferencias en la prevalencia de problemas de alimentación en niños prematuros y a término en dos rangos de edad. Método: la muestra estuvo formada por 270 niños. Se utilizó la EADAN. Resultados: los niños extremadamente prematuros tuvieron la mayor prevalencia de dificultades alimentarias. Los prematuros presentaron más indicadores de dificultades de alimentación durante los 2 años de vida, pero estos comportamientos se resuelven a partir de los 25 meses. En los niños a término aparecen indicadores de dificultades de alimentación a partir de los 25 meses. Conclusiones: la conducta alimentaria tiende a mejorar con la edad en los prematuros. En los niños a término, los indicadores aparecen a los 25 meses

An Estimate of the Prevalence of Dementia in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease

A review of the records for evidence of dementia using criteria adapted from the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in every patient (hospitalized and outpatient) with parkinsonism at a major medical center during an 18-month period revealed an overall prevalence of 10.9% in 339 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Demented patients were older, had a later age at onset of motor manifestations, and a more rapid progression of physical disability than nondemented patients. Duration of illness and levodopa use and the presence of tremor or depression were similar in demented and nondemented patients. Demented patients more often responded poorly or developed adverse effects to levodopa than nondemented patients. When Parkinson's disease began after age 70 years, dementia was noted over three times more frequently than when the disease began at an earlier age. The age-specific prevalence rate of dementia for patients older than 70 years was more than twice that for younger patients. Moreover, the number of records with evidence for dementia with idiopathic Parkinson's disease was 3.75 times greater than expected in comparison with data from a study of the prevalence of dementia in the elderly

Analyzing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation in aging and vascular amyloid pathology

In aging individuals, both protective as well as regulatory immune functions are declining, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infections as well as to autoimmunity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2-deficiency in immune cell subsets has been shown to be associated with aging. Using intravital marker-free NAD(P)H-fluorescence lifetime imaging, we have previously identified microglia/myeloid cells and astrocytes as main cellular sources of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity in the CNS during neuroinflammation, due to an overactivation of NOX. The overactivated NOX enzymes catalyze the massive production of the highly reactive O−2, which initiates in a chain reaction the overproduction of diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS). Age-dependent oxidative distress levels in the brain and their cellular sources are not known. Furthermore, it is unclear whether in age- dependent diseases oxidative distress is initiated by overproduction of ROS or by a decrease in antioxidant capacity, subsequently leading to neurodegeneration in the CNS. Here, we compare the activation level of NOX enzymes in the cerebral cortex of young and aged mice as well as in a model of vascular amyloid pathology. Despite the fact that a striking change in the morphology of microglia can be detected between young and aged individuals, we find comparable low-level NOX activation both in young and old mice. In contrast, aged mice with the human APPE693Q mutation, a model for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), displayed increased focal NOX overactivation in the brain cortex, especially in tissue areas around the vessels. Despite activated morphology in microglia, NOX overactivation was detected only in a small fraction of these cells, in contrast to other pathologies with overt inflammation as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or glioblastoma. Similar to these pathologies, the astrocytes majorly contribute to the NOX overactivation in the brain cortex during CAA. Together, these findings emphasize the role of other cellular sources of activated NOX than phagocytes not only during EAE but also in models of amyloid pathology. Moreover, they may strengthen the hypothesis that microglia/monocytes show a diminished potential for clearance of amyloid beta protein

Escala Argentina de Dificultades Alimentarias en Niños (EADAN): Propiedades Psicométricas

El objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar y validar en Argentina un cuestionario para padres que detecta dificultades en la alimentación, las cuales son muy comunes entre los niños pequeños. Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Argentina de Dificultades Alimentarias en Niños (EADAN) en una muestra argentina de 263 niños de entre los 6 meses y los 6 años 11 meses de edad. Existen diferencias significativas entre la media por ítem y la media del puntaje total en los grupos con dificultades y sin dificultades en la alimentación. La confiabilidad de la escala es buena, con un valor ? = .79. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que arrojó dos factores que representan el 49.4% de la varianza. Se compararon los puntajes obtenidos por niños prematuros y nacidos a término. Se concluye acerca de la validez del instrumento para la detección de dificultades en la alimentación en niños argentinos

NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime imaging of live intestinal nematodes reveals metabolic crosstalk between parasite and host

Infections with intestinal nematodes have an equivocal impact: they represent a burden for human health and animal husbandry, but, at the same time, may ameliorate auto-immune diseases due to the immunomodulatory effect of the parasites. Thus, it is key to understand how intestinal nematodes arrive and persist in their luminal niche and interact with the host over long periods of time. One basic mechanism governing parasite and host cellular and tissue functions, metabolism, has largely been neglected in the study of intestinal nematode infections. Here we use NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) fluorescence lifetime imaging of explanted murine duodenum infected with the natural nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and define the link between general metabolic activity and possible metabolic pathways in parasite and host tissue, during acute infection. In both healthy and infected host intestine, energy is effectively produced, mainly via metabolic pathways resembling oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic glycolysis features. In contrast, the nematodes shift their energy production from balanced fast anaerobic glycolysis-like and effective oxidative phosphorylation-like metabolic pathways, towards mainly anaerobic glycolysis-like pathways, back to oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic glycolysis-like pathways during their different life cycle phases in the submucosa versus the intestinal lumen. Additionally, we found an increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes-dependent oxidative burst in infected intestinal host tissue as compared to healthy tissue, which was mirrored by a similar defense reaction in the parasites. We expect that, the here presented application of NAD(P)H-FLIM in live tissues constitutes a unique tool to study possible shifts between metabolic pathways in host-parasite crosstalk, in various parasitic intestinal infections

The Ursinus Weekly, November 21, 1969

250,000 march on Washington to protest Nixon\u27s Viet War effort: 1965 Ursinus graduate leads Moratorium parade in US Air Force attire • 3 frosh injured in auto accident • Pre Med Convention tours Temple U. medical school • Ecumenism experiment now underway at U.C. • Editorials: The thrill of victory; When will it end? • Focus: Tom Branca • Liberate the nut • Letters to the editor: Campus Chest; Gripe; Never ending; Change; Mr. Faaet • Faculty portrait: F. Donald Zucker • Equality • Administration answers: Freedom of assembly • Coffee house conquers • Spotlight: Collegeville cop • I am curious (Morris) shocks Ursinus audience • Contemplations: Red neck kit • Security system • Hitch-hiking Bear Harriers victorious, finish dual meet season with 11-1 mark • Bearettes all make All-College • Gridders best since 1931 • Bears should be MAC champs • Dickinson edged by UC 21-20 • Centennial Football Day at Ursinushttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1152/thumbnail.jp

Application to the Analysis of Germinal Center Reactions In Vivo

Simultaneous detection of multiple cellular and molecular players in their native environment, one of the keys to a full understanding of immune processes, remains challenging for in vivo microscopy. Here, we present a synergistic strategy for spectrally multiplexed in vivo imaging composed of (i) triple two-photon excitation using spatiotemporal synchronization of two femtosecond lasers, (ii) a broad set of fluorophores with emission ranging from blue to near infrared, (iii) an effective spectral unmixing algorithm. Using our approach, we simultaneously excite and detect seven fluorophores expressed in distinct cellular and tissue compartments, plus second harmonics generation from collagen fibers in lymph nodes. This enables us to visualize the dynamic interplay of all the central cellular players during germinal center reactions. While current in vivo imaging typically enables recording the dynamics of 4 tissue components at a time, our strategy allows a more comprehensive analysis of cellular dynamics involving 8 single-labeled compartments. It enables to investigate the orchestration of multiple cellular subsets determining tissue function, thus, opening the way for a mechanistic understanding of complex pathophysiologic processes in vivo. In the future, the design of transgenic mice combining a larger spectrum of fluorescent proteins will reveal the full potential of our method