Rendimiento y características físico-químicas de las uvas de vides tratadas con extracto de Ecklonia maxima

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato de Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak®) sobre o rendimento e as características físico-químicas dos cachos das videiras viníferas. Os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes doses do produto comercial Kelpak®, concentrado de algas Ecklonia maxima, com a presença de auxinas naturais em sua composição: T1 - Água, T2 - Extrato de Ecklonia maxima – 2.5 L ha-1, T3 - Extrato de Ecklonia maxima – 3.75 L ha-1, aplicado com pulverizador manual com volume de aproximadamente 170 mL por planta, equivalente a 900 L ha-1. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: peso dos cachos, número de cachos por planta, número de bagas por cacho, peso das bagas, largura e comprimento dos cachos, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez total titulável. Os seguintes distúrbios fisiológicos em cachos foram avaliados visualmente: rachadura, desidratação, compactação e desavinho. Para a cultivar Merlot verificou-se aumento do comprimento de cacho e a diminuição da ocorrência de desavinho com o tratamento 2.5 L ha-1 de Ecklonia maxima em comparação com o tratamento com 3.5 L ha-1, mas sem diferenças em relação ao controle com água. Para a cv. Cabernet Sauvignon houve um aumento na compactação dos cachos e redução da incidência de desidratação das bagas entre 0-5% para o tratamento com 2.5 L ha-1 de extrato de Ecklonia maxima, diferindo-se da testemunha. Considerando os resultados, o uso de extrato de Ecklonia maxima tem um potencial para melhorar a qualidade de uvas e, novas pesquisas deveriam ser conduzidas para melhorar a sua eficiência em vinhedos comerciais.This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of Ecklonia maxima extract (Kelpak®) on yield and physicochemical characteristics of the clusters from wine grapevines. The treatments consisted of different doses of the commercial product Kelpak®, concentrate prepared of seaweed Ecklonia maxima, rich in natural auxins, as follow: T1 – Water, T2 – Extract of Ecklonia maxima – 2.5 L ha-1, T3 – Extract of Ecklonia maxima – 3.75 L ha-1,  applied with a hand sprayer with a volume about 170 mL per plant, equivalent to 900 L ha-1. The following variables were evaluated: weight of clusters, number of clusters per plant, number of berries per cluster, weight of berries, width and length of the clusters, soluble solids content, pH and trititable acidity. The physiological disorders in clusters were visually evaluated as follow: cracking, dehydration, shot berries and cluster compactness. For the grapevines cv. Merlot, the application of Kelpak at 2.5 L ha-1 increased the length of clusters and decreased the occurrence of shot berries, compared to the treatment with 3.5 L ha-1, but without differences in relation to the control with water. For the cv. Cabernet Sauvignon there was an increase in cluster compactness and reduction of berries dehydration for the incidence between 0-5% of the berries for the treatment with 2.5 L ha-1 of Ecklonia maxima extract, differing from the control. Considering the results, the use of Ecklonia maxima has a potential to increase grapes quality, and new researches should be carried out to improve its performance in commercial vineyards.Este ensayo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del extracto de Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak®) sobre el rendimiento y las características fisicoquímicas de los racimos de vides de vino. Los tratamientos consistieron en diferentes dosis del producto comercial Kelpak®, concentrado preparado de algas marinas Ecklonia maxima, rico en auxinas naturales, de la siguiente manera: T1 - Agua, T2 - Extracto de Ecklonia maxima - 2.5 L ha-1, T3 - Extracto de Ecklonia máximos: 3.75 L ha-1, aplicados con un pulverizador manual con un volumen de aproximadamente 170 mL por planta, equivalente a 900 L ha-1. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: peso de los racimos, número de racimos por planta, número de bayas por racimo, peso de las bayas, ancho y longitud de los racimos, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH y acidez trititable. Los desórdenes fisiológicos en racimos se evaluaron visualmente de la siguiente manera: agrietamiento, deshidratación, bayas en rodajas y compacidad de racimo. Para las vides cv. Merlot, la aplicación de Kelpak a 2.5 L ha-1 aumentó la longitud de los racimos y disminuyó la aparición de bayas en comparación con el tratamiento con 3.5 L ha-1, pero sin diferencias en relación con el control con agua. Para el cv. Cabernet Sauvignon hubo un aumento en la compacidad del racimo y la reducción de la deshidratación de las bayas para la incidencia entre 0-5% de las bayas para el tratamiento con 2.5 L ha-1 de extracto de Ecklonia maxima, que difiere del control. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados, el uso de Ecklonia maxima tiene el potencial de aumentar la calidad de la uva, y se deben realizar nuevas investigaciones para mejorar su rendimiento en los viñedos comerciales

CARACTERÍSTICAS QUÍMICAS DE SOLO COM VITICULTURA ORGÂNICA E BIODINÂMICA

O sistema de cultivo biodinâmico é uma modalidade de sistema de produção orgânica em que se aplicam produtos segundo um protocolo definido, permitindo estimular algumas características tidas como benéficas para solo e planta. Objetivou-se avaliar as diferenças em valores de parâmetros de solo entre agricultura biodinâmica e orgânica em vinha (Vitis vinifera L.). Foram avaliados matéria orgânica, N total, P assimilável, K, Ca, Mg, Na trocável, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B assimilável. Teores solúveis de Cl, K, Ca, Mg, e Na; CTC; salinidade; C/N; amônio, nitrato; areia, silte e argila. Houve maior concentração de amônio no sistema biodinâmico. Não foram encontradas diferenças nos demais parâmetros de fertilidade do solo. O solo com sistema biodinâmico apresentou valores superiores de Ca (solúvel em água) e do índice de salinidade. É possível que essa maior quantidade do elemento cálcio tenha sido originado da constituição química dos preparados biodinâmicos.Palavras-chave: Vitis vinifera L., nitrato, amônio, preparados biodinâmico

Development of peach seedlings treated with doses of glyphosate

A região da Serra Gaúcha é considerada o terceiro polo produtor de pêssegos, onde se concentra a maior parte da produção de pêssegos para mesa. Dentre os agrotóxicos aplicados no pessegueiro na Serra Gaúcha, o glifosato está entre os mais utilizados pelos agricultores. No entanto, existem vários trabalhos onde os autores verificaram a ação fitotóxica do glifosato em diversas culturas. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência da aplicação do herbicida glifosato no desenvolvimento de mudas de pessegueiro da cultivar Chimarrita enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq. As mudas de pessegueiro transplantadas em vasos plásticos contendo solo foram conduzidas em casa de vegetação do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, campus Bento Gonçalves (IFRS-BG). Nos tratamentos foram usadas cinco diferentes doses de glifosato (Roundup Original®): 1 - testemunha (sem aplicação de herbicida); 2 – 0.5 litro de produto comercial.ha-1; 3 - 1 litro de produto comercial.ha-1; 4 - 2 litros de produto comercial.ha-1 e; 5 - 4 litros de produto comercial.ha-1. As variáveis analisadas foram os sintomas de fitotoxicidade visual, diâmetro do tronco (mm), comprimento da parte aérea e das raízes (cm), massa fresca da raiz (g), massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes (g). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de regressão e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, utilizando o programa estatístico Sisvar. Os dados obtidos demonstram que houve fitotoxidez em todas as doses de glifosato aplicadas, porém não comprometeram o desenvolvimento das mudas de pessegueiro nas condições do experimento.The region of the Serra Gaúcha is considered the third pole producer of peaches, where most of the production of peaches is for the table. Among the pesticides applied on peach tree in the Serra Gaúcha, glyphosate is among the most used by farmers. However, there are many authors have checked the phytotoxic action of glyphosate in different cultures. Therefore, the objective of this work was to verify the influence of the application of glyphosate herbicide in the development of seedlings of peach cultivar Chimarrita grafted on rootstock Capdeboscq. Peach seedlings transplanted in plastic pots containing soil were conducted in the greenhouse of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, campus Bento Gonçalves (IFRS-BG). In the treatments were used five different doses of glyphosate (Roundup Original®): 1-Witness (without application of herbicides); 2- 0.5 liter of commercial product.ha-1; 3- 1 litre of commercial product.ha-1; 4- 2 liters of commercial product.ha-1 and; 5- 4 liters of commercial product.ha-1. The variables analyzed were the symptoms of visual phytotoxicity, stem diameter (mm), length of shoot and roots (cm), root fresh mass (g), dry mass of shoots and roots (g). The data obtained were subjected to regression analysis and averages compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, using the statistical program Sisvar. The data obtained show that there was fitotoxidez in all doses of glyphosate applied, but it do not have undertaken the development of seedlings of peach tree under the conditions of the experiment.La región de Serra Gaúcha es considerada el tercer polo productor de melocotones, donde se concentra la mayor parte de la producción de melocotones para mesa. Entre los agrotóxicos aplicados en el melocotón en la Sierra Gaúcha, el glifosato está entre los más utilizados por los agricultores. Sin embargo, existen varios trabajos donde los autores verificaron la acción fitotóxica del glifosato en diversos cultuivos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del trabajo fue verificar la influencia de la aplicación del herbicida glifosato en el desarrollo de mudas de melocotón de la cultivar Chimarrita injertada sobre el porta-injerto Capdeboscq. Las mudas de melocotón trasplantadas en vasos plásticos conteniendo suelo fueron conducidas en casa de vegetación del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología, campus Bento Gonçalves (IFRS-BG). En los tratamientos se utilizaron cinco diferentes dosis de glifosato (Roundup Original®): 1 - testigo (sin aplicación de herbicida); 2 – 0,5 litros de producto comercial.ha-1; 3- 1 litro de producto comercial.ha-1; 4- 2 litros de producto comercial.ha-1 y, 5 - 4 litros de producto comercial ha-1. Las variables analizadas fueron los síntomas de fitotoxicidad visual, diámetro del tronco (mm), longitud de la parte aérea y de las raíces (cm), masa fresca de la raíz (g), masa seca de la parte aérea y de las raíces (g). Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de regresión y las medias comparadas por el test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad, utilizando el programa estadístico Sisvar. Los datos obtenidos demuestran que hubo fitotoxicidad en todas las dosis de glifosato aplicadas, pero no comprometieron el desarrollo de las mudas de melocotón en las condiciones del experimento

Embalagens na proteção contra pragas de frutos de caquizeiro

The persimmon culture can be attacked by several pests and diseases, however, there are few studies related to the control. In addition, there is a lack of pesticides registered in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA, in Portuguese “Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento”), emerging the fruit bagging as an alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate different kinds of protective packs for bagging persimmon fruits, in order to control pests and diseases and, consequently, improve the fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a persimmon orchard on the experimental station of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), located in the Tuiuty District, in Bento Gonçalves, RS. Were performed four treatments: control (not bagged fruits), perforated polypropylene packaging, white TNT (non woven tissue) packing, and kraft brown paper packing. The harvested fruits were evaluated for weight, symptoms of caterpillars damage, presence of mealybug (Pseudococcus sp.) and symptoms of Schyzothyrium pomi. The fluctuation population of Anastrepha fraterculus was performed using McPhail trap with hydrolyzed protein. Among the treatments, only the fruits protected with perforated polypropylene differ significantly from the control on the evaluations of weight and Schyzothyrium pomi symptoms. However, there was no significant difference on the damage caused by caterpillars and presence of mealybugs. The use of perforated polypropylene has demonstrated efficiency on the control of Anastrepha fraterculus, and it can be used to reduce the damage in the fruits.A cultura do caquizeiro pode ser atacada por várias pragas e doenças, no entanto, existem poucos trabalhos relacionados ao controle. Além disso, existe uma carência de agrotóxicos registrados no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), surgindo o ensacamento de frutos como alternativa. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes embalagens protetoras para ensacamento de frutos de caqui visando o controle de pragas e doenças e, consequentemente, a melhoria da qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de caquizeiros da estação experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, localizada no Distrito de Tuyuti, em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos: testemunha (frutos não ensacados), ensacamento utilizando embalagem de polipropileno perfurado, embalagem de TNT (tecido-não-texturizado) de coloração branca e embalagem de papel kraft pardo. Os frutos colhidos foram avaliados quanto a massa média, sintomas de danos de lagartas, presença de cochonilhas-brancas Pseudococcus sp. e sintomas de sujeira-de-mosca (Schyzothyrium pomi). A flutuação populacional de Anastrepha fraterculus foi realizada utilizando armadilha McPhail com proteína hidrolisada. Entre os tratamentos, somente os frutos protegidos com polipropileno perfurado diferiram estatisticamente da testemunha nas avaliações de massa média e incidência de sujeira-de-mosca. No entanto, não apresentaram diferença significativa para os danos produzidos por lagartas e a ocorrência de cochonilhas-brancas. A utilização de polipropileno perfurado demonstrou eficiência no controle da sujeira-da-mosca podendo ser empregada para diminuir os danos ocasionados nos frutos

Agronomic, Physiological, and Post-Harvest Aspects of Different Blueberry Cultivars Treated with Silicon

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon in different blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) cultivars. The treatments were installed in a factorial design with six replications, and consisted of three different cultivars (Brightwell, Beckblue and Climax) with or without regular application of silicon via foliar, using silicon oxide at 1.5 g L-1. It was evaluated the following plant attributes: leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, meanwhile the following postharvest attributes were evaluated: fruit number, diameter and weight, yield, pH, content of soluble solids, titratable acidity, contents of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, and activity of peroxidase. Vegetative development of blueberry plants in response to Si presented higher yield, leaf area, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and higher chlorophyll fluorescence relationships such as maximum photochemical efficiency and PSII potential activity, as well as less stressed plants, especially in cultivars Climax and Brightwell. For post-harvest physicochemical characteristics, silicon foliar application improved fruit weight and diameter for cvs. Beckblue and Climax, and fruit number for cv. Brightwell. All cultivars, in response to silicon application increased the titratable acidity, the levels of phenolic compounds, the level of anthocyanins, whereas peroxidase activity decreased. The performance of the evaluated blueberry cultivars was better through silicon application, with greater performance of vegetative growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality, especially in cultivar Climax, which was the most suitable in terms in of fruit yield in this study.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon in different blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) cultivars. The treatments were installed in a factorial design with six replications, and consisted of three different cultivars (Brightwell, Beckblue and Climax) with or without regular application of silicon via foliar, using silicon oxide at 1.5 g L-1. It was evaluated the following plant attributes: leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, meanwhile the following postharvest attributes were evaluated: fruit number, diameter and weight, yield, pH, content of soluble solids, titratable acidity, contents of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, and activity of peroxidase. Vegetative development of blueberry plants in response to Si presented higher yield, leaf area, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and higher chlorophyll fluorescence relationships such as maximum photochemical efficiency and PSII potential activity, as well as less stressed plants, especially in cultivars Climax and Brightwell. For post-harvest physicochemical characteristics, silicon foliar application improved fruit weight and diameter for cvs. Beckblue and Climax, and fruit number for cv. Brightwell. All cultivars, in response to silicon application increased the titratable acidity, the levels of phenolic compounds, the level of anthocyanins, whereas peroxidase activity decreased. The performance of the evaluated blueberry cultivars was better through silicon application, with greater performance of vegetative growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality, especially in cultivar Climax, which was the most suitable in terms in of fruit yield in this study

Características químicas de solo com viticultura orgânica e biodinâmica

Biodynamic farming is a variation of the organic production system in which specific products are applied with a well-defined protocol. One of the main effects of these preparations should be the stimulation of beneficial soil and plant characteristics. The objective was to determine the soil parameters differences existing between biodynamically and organically growth vineyards (Vitis vinifera L.). Several parameters were evaluates: organic matter, total N, pH (H2O), available P, exchangeable values of K, Ca, Mg, assimilable values of Fe, Mn, Cu and B, soluble levels of Cl, K, Ca, Mg and Na, CTC, salinity, C/N, ammonium, nitrate, sand, silt and clay. There was a higher concentration of ammonium in the biodynamic system. With respect to the other soil fertility parameters there were no differences between the two types of management. In biodynamic vineyard, soil had a higher concentration of (soluble) calcium and higher value of salinity. It is possible that the increased amount of calcium in the soil had come from the chemical composition of the biodynamic preparations.sistema de cultivo biodinâmico é uma modalidade de sistema de produção orgânica em que se aplicam produtos segundo um protocolo definido, permitindo estimular algumas características tidas como benéficas para solo e planta. Objetivou-se avaliar as diferenças em valores de parâmetros de solo entre agricultura biodinâmica e orgânica em vinha (Vitis vinifera L.). Foram avaliados matéria orgânica, N total, P assimilável, K, Ca, Mg, Na trocável, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B assimilável. Teores solúveis de Cl, K, Ca, Mg, e Na; CTC; salinidade; C/N; amônio, nitrato; areia, silte e argila. Houve maior concentração de amônio no sistema biodinâmico. Não foram encontradas diferenças nos demais parâmetros de fertilidade do solo. O solo com sistema biodinâmico apresentou valores superiores de Ca (solúvel em água) e do índice de salinidade. É possível que essa maior quantidade do elemento cálcio tenha sido originado da constituição química dos preparados biodinâmicos

EMBALAGENS NA PROTEÇÃO CONTRA PRAGAS DE FRUTOS DE CAQUIZEIRO

The persimmon culture can be attacked by several pests and diseases, however, there are few studies related to the control. In addition, there is a lack of pesticides registered in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA, in Portuguese “Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento”), emerging the fruit bagging as an alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate different kinds of protective packs for bagging persimmon fruits, in order to control pests and diseases and, consequently, improve the fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a persimmon orchard on the experimental station of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), located in the Tuiuty District, in Bento Gonçalves, RS. Were performed four treatments: control (not bagged fruits), perforated polypropylene packaging, white TNT (non woven tissue) packing, and kraft brown paper packing. The harvested fruits were evaluated for weight, symptoms of caterpillars damage, presence of mealybug (Pseudococcus sp.) and symptoms of Schyzothyrium pomi. The fluctuation population of Anastrepha fraterculus was performed using McPhail trap with hydrolyzed protein. Among the treatments, only the fruits protected with perforated polypropylene differ significantly from the control on the evaluations of weight and Schyzothyrium pomi symptoms. However, there was no significant difference on the damage caused by caterpillars and presence of mealybugs. The use of perforated polypropylene has demonstrated efficiency on the control of Anastrepha fraterculus, and it can be used to reduce the damage in the fruits

Ambiente e viticoltura, un binomio vincente

La ricerca e le sperimentazioni per lo sviluppo di tecniche di coltivazione ad elevata sostenibilit\ue0 in viticoltura assumono fondamentale importanza nel conciliare un miglioramento qualitativo pienamente ecocompatibile con adeguata redditivit\ue0 agli agricoltori. E possibile, attraverso strategie di gestione del suolo, indurre nelle viti un sostanziale equilibrio vegeto- produttivo, evidenziato da rese soddisfacenti, produzioni di elevata qualit\ue0 e salubrit\ue0, ottimo stato nutrizionale e sanitario

Characterization of apple cultivar susceptibility to Neofusicoccum parvum Brazilian strains

Due to climate change, Neofusicoccum parvum is currently emerging as a new pathogen of Rosaceae plant species. This increases the need of gaining knowledge on the pathogenicity of this fungus, particularly on apple cultivars of considerable economic importance. In this study, the virulence and temperature dependence of N. parvum isolates was assayed on ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple fruit and wood. At 25°C and 30°C, ‘Gala’ fruits showed a higher susceptibility to all fungal strains than ‘Fuji’, whereas low infection severity was shown at 15°C and 20°C on both cultivars. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that ‘Fuji’ fruit tissues displayed a higher content of phenolic compounds and pectin esterification degree, as factors possibly correlated with fruit susceptibility. When strain virulence was assayed on wood, no significant difference in susceptibility was detected, as also shown by SEM analysis. The virulence of N. parvum was also tested by assaying the activity of lytic enzymes such as cellulase, polygalacturonase, polymethylgalacturonase, and xylanase

Characterization of apple cultivar susceptibility to Neofusicoccum parvum Brazilian strains

Due to climate change, Neofusicoccum parvum is currently emerging as a new pathogen of Rosaceae plant species. This increases the need of gaining knowledge on the pathogenicity of this fungus, particularly on apple cultivars of considerable economic importance. In this study, the virulence and temperature dependence of N. parvum isolates was assayed on \u2018Gala\u2019 and \u2018Fuji\u2019 apple fruit and wood. At 25\ub0C and 30\ub0C, \u2018Gala\u2019 fruits showed a higher susceptibility to all fungal strains than \u2018Fuji\u2019, whereas low infection severity was shown at 15\ub0C and 20\ub0C on both cultivars. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that \u2018Fuji\u2019 fruit tissues displayed a higher content of phenolic compounds and pectin esterification degree, as factors possibly correlated with fruit susceptibility. When strain virulence was assayed on wood, no significant difference in susceptibility was detected, as also shown by SEM analysis. The virulence of N. parvum was also tested by assaying the activity of lytic enzymes such as cellulase, polygalacturonase, polymethylgalacturonase, and xylanase