El sacerdocio jesuítico de san Francisco de Borja (1551-1554)

Català: Itinerari dels primers temps de Francesc de Borja com a sacerdot jesuïta, centrat en la seva intensa activitat pastoral al País Basc. Paraules clau: Francesc de Borja; Jesuïtes; Predicació. Castellano: Itinerario de los primeros años de Francisco de Borja como sacerdote jesuita, centrado en su intensa actividad pastoral en el País Vasco. Palabras clave: Francisco de Borja; Jesuitas; Predicación

MARÍA EN LA ESPIRITUALIDAD IGNACIANA

La experiencia de la presencia espiritual de María en la vida del cristiano la tuvo Íñigo de Loyola desde niño en su casa y familia de Loyola, y la cultivó como adolescente y joven. La herida de Pamplona y su larga convalescencia fue una ocasión privilegiada para que con la reflexión y meditación prolongada en la “Vida de Cristo” de Ludolfo de Sajonia y en la de los Santos del “Flos sanctorum” de Giacomo de Varazze, madurara su devoción popular y sus devociones a María a la luz de la fe. Hoy, son muchos los seglares, sacerdotes y Congregaciones Religiosas varias, que viven una espiritualidad fundada en los “Ejecicios espirituales” de san Ignacio y que reciben esa herencia de devoción a María como intrínseca a esa espiritualidad.La experiencia de la presencia espiritual de María en la vida del cristiano la tuvo Íñigo de Loyola desde niño en su casa y familia de Loyola, y la cultivó como adolescente y joven. La herida de Pamplona y su larga convalescencia fue una ocasión privilegiada para que con la reflexión y meditación prolongada en la “Vida de Cristo” de Ludolfo de Sajonia y en la de los Santos del “Flos sanctorum” de Giacomo de Varazze, madurara su devoción popular y sus devociones a María a la luz de la fe. Hoy, son muchos los seglares, sacerdotes y Congregaciones Religiosas varias, que viven una espiritualidad fundada en los “Ejecicios espirituales” de san Ignacio y que reciben esa herencia de devoción a María como intrínseca a esa espiritualidad. The experience of the spiritual presence of Mary in the life of the Christian was had by Ignatius of Loyola as a child in his house and family in Loyola, and he cultivated it as a teenager and young man. The wound of Pamplona and its long convalescence was a privileged occasion so that – with the reflection and prolonged meditation in the "Life of Christ" of Ludolph of Saxony and in that of the Saints of the "Flos sanctorum" of Giacomo de Varazze – his popular devotion and his devotions to Mary would mature in the light of faith. Today, there are many seculars, priests and religious congregations who live a spirituality based on the "Spiritual exercises" of Saint Ignatius and who receive that heritage of devotion to Mary as intrinsic to that spirituality.

Reproducibility of the energy metabolism response to an oral glucose tolerance test: influence of a postcalorimetric correction procedure

Purpose Metabolic flexibility (MetF), which is a surrogate of metabolic health, can be assessed by the change in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We aimed to determine the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy expenditure (EE) and RER response to an OGTT, and whether a simulation-based postcalorimetric correction of metabolic cart readouts improves day-to-day reproducibility. Methods The EE was assessed (12 young adults, 6 women, 27 ± 2 years old) using an Omnical metabolic cart (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands) after an overnight fast (12 h) and after a 75-g oral glucose dose on 2 separate days (48 h). On both days, we assessed EE in 7 periods (one 30-min baseline and six 15-min postprandial). The ICcE was performed immediately after each recording period, and capillary glucose concentration (using a digital glucometer) was determined. Results We observed a high day-to-day reproducibility for the assessed RER (coefficients of variation [CV] < 4%) and EE (CVs < 9%) in the 7 different periods. In contrast, the RER and EE areas under the curve showed a low day-to-day reproducibility (CV = 22% and 56%, respectively). Contrary to our expectations, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not influence the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy metabolism response, possibly because the Omnical’s accuracy was ~ 100%. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the energy metabolism response to an OGTT is poorly reproducible (CVs > 20%) even using a very accurate metabolic cart. Furthermore, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not influence the day-to-day reproducibility.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via Retos de la Sociedad grant DEP2016-79512-REuropean CommissionSpanish Government FPU15/04059 FPU19/01609University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016-Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and HealthJunta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades via the ERDF SOMM17/6107/UGRFundacion Alfonso Martin EscuderoUniversidad de Granada/CBU

Validity of four commercially available metabolic carts for assessing resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio in nonventilated humans

Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via Retos de la Sociedad grant DEP2016-79512-R (to JRR), and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); Spanish Ministry of Education grant (FPU15/04059 to JMAA; FPU19/01609 to LJF; and FPU18/03357 to MD-M); the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016-Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (to JRR) -Plan Propio de Investigacion 2018 Programa Contratos-Puente and Programa Perfeccionamiento de Doctores (to GS-D); Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades grant SOMM17/6107/UGR (to JRR) via the ERDF; and the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero (to GS-D); Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.Background & aims: The validity of most commercially available metabolic cart is mostly unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine the accuracy, precision, within-subject reproducibility, and concordance of RMR and RER measured by four commercially available metabolic carts [Cosmed Q-NRG, Vyaire Vyntus CPX, Maastricht Instruments Omnical, and Medgraphics Ultima CardiO2]. Further, we studied whether a previously proposed simulation-based post-calorimetric calibration of cart readouts [individual calibration control evaluation (ICcE)] modify the RMR and RER reproducibility and concordance. Methods: Three experiments simulating different RMR and RER by controlled pure gas (N-2 and CO2) infusions were conducted on 5 non-consecutive days. Moreover, 30-min methanol burns were performed on 3 non-consecutive days. Lastly, the RMR and RER of 29 young non-ventilated adults (11 women; 25 +/- 4 years-old; BMI: 24.1 +/- 3.2 kg/m(2)) were assessed twice using each instrument, 24 hours apart, under standardized conditions. Results: The Omnical presented the lowest measurement error for RER (Omnical = 1.7 +/- 0.9%; Vyntus = 4.5 +/- 2.0%; Q-NRG = 6.6 +/- 1.9%; Ultima = 6.8 +/- 6.5%) and EE (Omnical = 1.5 +/- 0.5%; Q-NRG = 2.5 +/- 1.3%; Ultima = 10.7 +/- 11.0%; Vyntus = 13.8 +/- 5.0%) in all in vitro experiments (controlled pure gas infusions and methanol burns). In humans, the 4 metabolic carts provided discordant RMR and RER estimations (all P < 0.001). No differences were detected in RMR within-subject reproducibility (P = 0.058; Q-NRG inter-day coefficient of variance = 3.6 +/- 2.5%; Omnical = 4.8 +/- 3.5%; Vyntus = 5.0 +/- 5.6%; Ultima = 5.7 +/- 4.6%), although the Ultima CardiO2 provided larger RER inter-day differences (4.6 +/- 3.5%) than the others carts (P = 0.001; Omnical = 1.9 +/- 1.7%; Vyntus = 2.1 +/- 1.3%; Q-NRG = 2.4 +/- 2.1%). The ICcE procedure did not modify the RMR or RER concordance and did not reduce the inter-day differences in any of the carts. Conclusions: The 4 metabolic carts provided discordant measurements of RMR and RER. Overall, the Omnical provides more accurate and precise estimations of RMR and RER than the Q-NRG, Vyntus and Ultima CardiO(2), and might be considered the best for assessing RMR and RER in non-ventilated humans. Finally, our results do not support the use of an ICcE procedure.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via Retos de la Sociedad grant DEP2016-79512-REuropean Commission Spanish Government FPU15/04059 FPU19/01609 FPU18/03357University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016-Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and HealthPlan Propio de Investigacion 2018 Programa Contratos-Puente and Programa Perfeccionamiento de DoctoresJunta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades via the ERDF SOMM17/6107/UGRFundacion Alfonso Martin EscuderoUniversidad de Granada/CBU

Effect of soilless growing systems on the spread of Verticillium dahliae and the severity of the Verticillium wilt in strawberry

The dispersion of soilborne plant pathogens could be greater in closed soilless growing systems than in open ones. The effect of three soilless growing systems (open, closed and closed with slow sand filtration) on the dispersion of Verticillium dahliae propagules and the severity of the disease in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) has been analysed. V. dahliae dispersion in a closed system with slow sand filtration was studied by measuring propagules in the recirculating nutrient solution and in the growth medium. The growth medium used was coconut fiber. V. dahliae propagules were not removed by slow sand filtration. In the first crop cycle, an increase in the severity of Verticillium wilt was detected in the closed soilless growing system with slow sand filtration in comparison with the other two systems. This increase may be due to the non-elimination of V. dahliae propagules by filtration and to the lower microbial biomass in the filtered solution storage tank than in the drained solution storage tank. The decline in microbial biomass by filtration may improve the viability of the dispersed conidia, thus increasing the severity of the disease. This decline in microbial biomass by filtration may be compensated in the second crop cycle by the root debris from the first crop cycle. This debris may have provided nutrient sources to the microbes and increased the associated microbial biomass.La dispersión de los patógenos de suelo podría ser mayor en los sistemas de cultivo sin suelo cerrados que en los sistemas abiertos. Se estudió el efecto de tres sistemas de cultivo (abierto, cerrado y cerrado con filtración lenta en lecho de arena) sobre la dispersión de los propágulos de Verticillium dahliae y sobre la severidad de la enfermedad en fresa (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Se analizó la dispersión de V. dahliae en el sistema cerrado con filtración lenta mediante la medida de los propágulos en la solución nutritiva recirculante y en el sustrato empleado, que fue fibra de coco. Los propágulos de V. dahliae no fueron eliminados por la filtración lenta. En el primer ciclo de cultivo, se detectó un incremento en la severidad de verticilosis en el sistema cerrado con filtración lenta en comparación con los otros dos sistemas. Este incremento puede ser debido a que el filtro no elimina los propágulos de V. dahliae y a que la biomasa microbiana en la solución filtrada es más baja que en la solución drenada. Este descenso que se produce en la biomasa microbiana debido a la filtración podría mejorar la viabilidad de las conidias dispersadas y por lo tanto incrementar la severidad de la enfermedad. El descenso de la biomasa microbiana por la filtración parece estar compensado en el segundo ciclo de cultivo por la activación de la misma debido a los nutrientes proveídos por los restos de raíces procedentes del primer ciclo de cultivo

Impact of a Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Program at a Regional University Hospital and Predictive Variables of Being a Smoker among Hospital Workers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive anti-smoking health program conducted over twelve years at a regional university hospital in southern Spain. Prevalence of tobacco was compared retrospectively using data collected during occupational health assessments (n = 4291). Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were carried out to evaluate tobacco consumption differences according to age, sex, professional category, and workplace building. The results show a reduction in the active smoking rate among hospital staff evaluated (from 22.8% to 19.8%) with significant differences between non-health and health workers. Accumulated smoking consumption fell to 13.45 ± 14.60 packs/year with men presenting a higher consumption (p < 0.001). The predictive variables of tobacco use were sex (greater consumption among men, p = 0.021), number of cigarettes (greater consumption among professionals who smoked less than 1 pack/day, p < 0.001), and time smoking (greater use among professionals with more than 10 years smoking, p < 0.001). There was a higher rate of staff smokers at the hospital building with a majority of mental health inpatients. This study provides a practical example of making the optimum use of digital medical records in the evaluation of a comprehensive anti-smoking health program

Exercise Training as a Treatment for Cardiometabolic Risk in Sedentary Adults: Are Physical Activity Guidelines the Best Way to Improve Cardiometabolic Health? The FIT-AGEING Randomized Controlled Trial

This 12-week randomized controlled trial investigates the effects of different training modalities on cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults, and examines whether alterations in cardiometabolic risk are associated with changes in those health-related variables that are modifiable by exercise training. The study subjects were 71 middle-aged adults (~54 years old; ~50% women) who were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) no exercise (control group), (2) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (3) high intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT+EMS group). A cardiometabolic risk score was calculated based on the International Diabetes Federation’s clinical criteria. A significant reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed for all exercise training groups compared to the control group (all p < 0.05), which persisted after adjusting potential confounders (all p < 0.05). However, the HIIT+EMS group experienced the most significant reduction (p < 0.001). A significant inverse relationship was detected between the change in lean mass and the change in cardiometabolic risk (p = 0.045). A 12-week exercise training programs-especially the HIIT+EMS program-significantly reduced cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults independent of sex, age, and cardiorespiratory fitness.The study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/04172 and FPU15/03960), by the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health [UCEES]) and Plan Propio de Investigación 2019-Programa Contratos-Puente, by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR and by Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa RETIC grant Red SAMID RD16/0022

Omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins as potential markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults

This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393) and PTA-12264, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU16/02828 and FPU19/01609), the Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT), the Redes Tematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF; ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR and DOC 01151), the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero, the Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (CVON2017-20 GENIUS-2) to PCNR, and the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC, No. 201707060012).Objective: Omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins are known to play a role in inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in preclinical models. The associations between plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid–derived oxylipins and body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults were assessed. Methods: Body composition, brown adipose tissue, traditional serum cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers, and a panel of 83 oxylipins were analyzed in 133 young adults (age 22.1[SD 2.2] years, 67% women). Results: Plasma levels of four omega-6 oxylipins (15-HeTrE, 5-HETE, 14,15-EpETrE, and the oxidative stress–derived 8,12-iso- iPF2α -VI) correlated positively with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid parameters. By contrast, the plasma levels of three omega-3 oxylipins (14,15-DiHETE, 17,18-DiHETE, and 19,20-DiHDPA) were negatively correlated with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid parameters. The panel of seven oxylipins predicted adiposity better than traditional inflammatory markers such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Pathway analyses revealed that individuals with obesity had higher plasma levels of omega-6 and lower plasma levels of omega-3 oxylipins than normal-weight individuals. Conclusion: Plasma levels of seven omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins may have utility as early markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults.Spanish Government PI13/01393Retos de la Sociedad DEP2016-79512-REuropean Commission Spanish Government FPU16/02828 FPU19/01609Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT)Redes Tematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC Red SAMID RD16/0022AstraZenecaUniversity of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de Andalucia Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR DOC 01151Fundacion Alfonso Martin EscuderoNetherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart FoundationDutch Federation of University Medical CentersNetherlands Organization for Health Research and DevelopmentRoyal Netherlands Academy of Sciences CVON2017-20 GENIUS-2China Scholarship Council 201707060012 PTA-1226

Association of basal metabolic rate and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise, with plasma S‐klotho: the FIT‐AGEING study

S‐klotho, the shed form of α‐klotho, is thought to be an ageing suppressor with functions related to the physiology of energy metabolism. However, it remains unknown whether ageing biomarkers such as S‐klotho and/or chronological ageing are associated in any way with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise. The present work investigates the association of BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise, with plasma S‐klotho in middle‐aged, sedentary adults. BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 74 such subjects (53% women; age 53.7±5.1 years) following standard procedures, and their fuel oxidation estimated via stoichiometric equations. The maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity of exercise that elicits MFO (Fatmax) were determined using a walking graded exercise test. No relationship was seen between BMR and plasma S‐klotho (P>0.1), although both basal fat oxidation and MFO showed positive associations with this protein (both P<0.001); these relationships persisted after controlling for age, sex and fat mass. However, no significant associations were seen between BMR, basal fat oxidation or MFO and chronological age (all P>0.1). The present findings suggest that basal fat oxidation and MFO are strongly associated with plasma S‐klotho in middle‐aged sedentary adults. These results support the idea that metabolic flexibility is a powerful predictor of biological ageing.The study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/04172 and FPU15/03960), by the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health [UCEES]), by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR

Household Food Security as a Complex System—Contributions to the Social Sciences from the Cuban Perspective during a Pandemic

The food crisis caused by the rise in grocery prices affects many countries. Added to this complex panorama is the current health situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its impact on the productive sector will be detrimental to many household incomes and food practices. The social sciences need to adopt a complex understanding of household food security (HFS) as a dynamic process of building collective nutritional knowledge and eating habits. In the case of Cuba, the burden on the agrifood system is the result of external and internal factors that affect household food sustainability. This paper, therefore, seeks to assess the social construction of HFS as a complex system in the current pandemic scenario using the municipality of Santiago de Cuba as a case study. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The main results obtained focus on the role played by women in food use and distribution, and the effect of food vulnerability on HFS. These results provide an analytical model for the study of the new and diverse household-food-security configurations that are emergingThis publication was made with the financing and support of the CIPHC