Bilingüismo e identidad : varias maneras de ser y reconocernos a través de las lenguas

La relación lengua-identidad es un campo de estudio casi inexplorado, pero necesario para comprender lo que conlleva el aprendizaje de una L2. Dicho proceso no solo implica el estudio de la lengua como tal, sino que al mismo tiempo incluye el conocimiento de la cultura, las tradiciones y la cosmovisión que permean una lengua. Esto implica que cuando una persona aprende otro idioma su identidad se transforma dado que como se ha comprobado en otras disciplinas como la antropología la identidad no es estática. En este trabajo buscamos entender cómo se configura la identidad lingüística en los bilingües universitarios colombianos que han aprendido su(s) L2 después de la infancia. Lo anterior se logra a través de: 1) la identificación de las actitudes lingüísticas que tienen los bilingües (B2-C1 según el MCER) al expresar su posicionamiento desde la lengua 2) El análisis de las situaciones de habla en las que se da la alternancia de código en los bilingües de Bogotá con el fin de comprender su identidad lingüística. 3) Entender las ideologías lingüísticas y el prestigio lingüístico presentes en los juicios y actitudes lingüísticas de los bilingües y multilingüesThe relation language-identity is a field of study almost unexplored, and even though necessary to understand what carries the learning of a L2. Such a process implies not only the study of a language itself but at the same time, includes the knowledge about a culture, traditions and the cosmovision that are within a language. This means that when someone learns another language, his/her identity is transformed. Therefore, identity is not a static thing, it is a dynamic process as other fields as anthropology asure. In this work, we seek to understand how the linguistic identity is configured in colombian bilinguals who are studying in the university and who have learned their L2 after their childhood. The previous objective will be reached through: 1) Identification of the language attitudes of bilinguals (B2-C1 according to the CEFR) to express their positioning from the language perspective 2) Analysis of different communicative situations where code-switching in bilinguals of Bogota can be demonstrated to understand their linguistic identities 3) To understand the linguistic ideologies and the language prestige present in the bilinguals’ judgments and language attitudes.Licenciado (a) en Lenguas ModernasPregrad

A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance

We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt Iniciación grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013–2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science – MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.