The Young People Speak: High School Boys and Girls of Richmond Express Their Opinions on Working Conditions and Recreation

The purpose of the study here reported was twofold: to ascertain the nature and extent of gainful employment and the hazards to health in such occupations among boys and girls of high school age (14-18) and ; to inquire into the recreational and leisure-time activities of boys and girls

Postcard: Santa Fe Form 9 Standard Card

This black and white printed postcard features a confirmation of freight arriving in Newton, Kansas. A Santa Fe railway logo is on the left and right corner of the card. Printed text fills the card. Handwriting and red ink stamps are on the card. Handwriting is on the back of the card.https://scholars.fhsu.edu/tj_postcards/1674/thumbnail.jp

Characterisation of K-doped Bi4V2O11 by combined XRD and EPMA: a cautionary tale

A comparison of X-ray powder diffraction and electron probe microanalyses on samples of Na- and K-doped Bi4V2O11 (BIMEVOX) solid electrolytes indicates some of the problems associated with using XRD to assess phase purity, especially in materials of variable composition such as BIMEVOXes. In this study both the Na- and K-doped materials appeared phase pure by XRD. EPMA indicated the Na-doped materials to be single phase with their expected compositions while the K-containing materials were not phase pure with very little K present in the main BIMEVOX phase

Effect of abdominal binding on cardiorespiratory function in paralympic athletes with cervical spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a lesion-dependent impairment in cardiorespiratory function that may limit exercise capacity. The aims of this thesis were to describe cardiorespiratory function in highly-trained athletes with low-cervical SCI, and to investigate whether abdominal binding enhances cardiorespiratory function at rest and during exercise in this population. Using body plethysmography, bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation and transthoracic ultrasound, it was demonstrated that Paralympic athletes with cervical SCI exhibit a restrictive pulmonary defect, impaired diaphragm and expiratory muscle function, and low left ventricular mass and ejection fraction compared to able-bodied controls. Using the same methods, it was shown that abdominal binding improves resting cardiorespiratory function by reducing operating lung volumes, and increasing vital capacity, twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure, expiratory muscle strength and cardiac output. A further finding was a positive relationship between binder tightness and cardiorespiratory function. During a field-based assessment of fitness, abdominal binding reduced the time taken to complete an acceleration/deceleration test and increased the distance covered during a repeated maximal 4-min push test. During laboratory-based incremental wheelchair propulsion, abdominal binding altered breathing mechanics by reducing operating lung volumes and attenuating the rise in the pressure-time index of the diaphragm. Furthermore, abdominal binding increased peak oxygen uptake and reduced peak blood lactate concentration, despite no change in peak work rate. Peak oxygen uptake in the laboratory was related to the distance covered during the maximal 4-min push, suggesting that the improvement in field-based performance with binding was due to an improvement in aerobic capacity. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that abdominal binding significantly enhances cardiorespiratory function at rest, improves exercise performance in the field, and improves operating lung volumes, breathing mechanics and peak oxygen uptake during incremental treadmill exercise. Thus, abdominal binding provides a simple, easy-to-use tool that can be used to enhance cardiorespiratory function at rest and during exercise in highly-trained athletes with cervical SCI.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Examination of the risk of reinfection with hepatitis C among injecting drug users who have been tested in Glasgow

Unsafe injecting practices put injecting drug users (IDUs) at repeat exposure to infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It has not yet been determined if spontaneously clearing one's primary infection influences the risk of reinfection; our aim was to estimate the relative risk of reinfection in IDUs who have cleared the virus. We conducted a retrospective study using a large database of HCV test results covering Greater Glasgow Health Board during 1993–2007 to calculate rates of infection and reinfection in current/former IDUs. The relative risk of (re)infection in previously infected compared with never-infected IDUs was estimated using Poisson regression, adjusting for age at study entry, sex, and calendar period of test. Although the rate of reinfection in IDUs who were HCV antibody-positive, RNA-negative at baseline was lower (7/100 person-years, 95% CI: 5–9) than the rate of acute infection in IDUs who were HCV antibody-negative at baseline (10/100 person-years, 95% CI: 9–12), the risk of reinfection was not significantly different than the risk of initial infection (adjusted rate ratio = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.57–1.08). We found only weak evidence for a reduced risk of HCV reinfection in IDUs who had cleared their previous infection. Further research among those who have cleared infection through antiviral therapy is needed to help inform decisions regarding treatment of IDUs

Results of ASERTAA, a randomized prospective crossover pharmacogenetic study of immediate-release versus extended-release tacrolimus in African American kidney transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Differences in tacrolimus dosing across ancestries is partly attributable to polymorphisms in CYP3A5 genes that encode tacrolimus-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A5 enzymes. The CYP3A5*1 allele, preponderant in African Americans, is associated with rapid metabolism, subtherapeutic concentrations, and higher dose requirements for tacrolimus, all contributing to worse outcomes. Little is known about the relationship between CYP3A5 genotype and the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic area under the curve (AUC) profile in African Americans or whether pharmacogenetic differences exist between conventional twice-daily, rapidly absorbed, immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac) and once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LifeCycle Pharma Tac [LCPT]) with a delayed absorption profile. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized prospective crossover study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 50 African American maintenance kidney recipients on stable IR-Tac dosing. INTERVENTION: Recipients were randomly assigned to continue IR-Tac on days 1 to 7 and then switch to LCPT on day 8 or receive LCPT on days 1 to 7 and then switch to IR-Tac on day 8. The LCPT dose was 85% of the IR-Tac total daily dose. OUTCOMES: Tacrolimus 24-hour AUC (AUC MEASUREMENTS: CYP3A5 genotype, 24-hour tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles. RESULTS: ∼80% of participants carried the CYP3A5*1 allele (CYP3A5 expressers). There were no significant differences in AUC LIMITATIONS: This was primarily a pharmacogenetic study rather than an efficacy study; the follow-up period was too short to capture clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations with IR-Tac in most African Americans results in significantly higher peak concentrations, potentially magnifying the risk for toxicity and adverse outcomes. This pharmacogenetic effect is attenuated by delayed tacrolimus absorption with LCPT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, with study number NCT01962922