To Eat and To Be : food as Differenciation Policy in Spanish America, 16th and 17th Centuries

ABSTRACT: This paper demonstrates that food served as a marker of social differentiation during the 16th and 17th centuries in the Spanish possessions in America, not only in economic terms but also in the sense that food was associated with the social stratum to which a person belonged. Each one was oblidged to eat foods associated with his or her "natural" stratum. This complex hierarchical model of society was based on European patterns coming from the Middle Ages, such as the Great Chain of Being and humoral theory. This model was reinforced in the early modern period, and it took on new characteristics in America, where it was used to differentiate Spaniards, Creoles, Mestizos and Indians.RESUMEN: Este artículo muestra cómo la alimentación servía como un elemento de diferenciación social durante los siglos XVI y XVII, en la América española, no solo como un factor económico, sino asociado a la calidad o estado al que pertenecieran las personas. En este sentido, a cada uno le correspondía comer aquello que era propio de su condición estamental. Este complejo modelo de jerarquización social estaba basado en principios europeos que venían desde la Edad Media, como la gran cadena del ser y la teoría humoral. En la edad moderna, el modelo se reforzó y en América tomó nuevas características, por la forma en que se buscó diferenciar entre españoles, criollos, mestizos e indios

Research strategies for organizational history:a dialogue between historical theory and organization theory

If history matters for organization theory, then we need greater reflexivity regarding the epistemological problem of representing the past; otherwise, history might be seen as merely a repository of ready-made data. To facilitate this reflexivity, we set out three epistemological dualisms derived from historical theory to explain the relationship between history and organization theory: (1) in the dualism of explanation, historians are preoccupied with narrative construction, whereas organization theorists subordinate narrative to analysis; (2) in the dualism of evidence, historians use verifiable documentary sources, whereas organization theorists prefer constructed data; and (3) in the dualism of temporality, historians construct their own periodization, whereas organization theorists treat time as constant for chronology. These three dualisms underpin our explication of four alternative research strategies for organizational history: corporate history, consisting of a holistic, objectivist narrative of a corporate entity; analytically structured history, narrating theoretically conceptualized structures and events; serial history, using replicable techniques to analyze repeatable facts; and ethnographic history, reading documentary sources "against the grain." Ultimately, we argue that our epistemological dualisms will enable organization theorists to justify their theoretical stance in relation to a range of strategies in organizational history, including narratives constructed from documentary sources found in organizational archives. Copyright of the Academy of Management, all rights reserved

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Reflections on the Regency (1715–1723) (in Franch, in Russian)

Работа выполнена при участии профессора Ф.-Д. Лиштенан (Университет Париж – Сорбона, Франция).The article was submitted on 17.04.2017.In this article, the authors reflect on an interesting and complex period in French history, that which occurred after the death of Louis XIV when the country was ruled by Philippe II, the Duke of Orléans. The authors consider the relatively brief regency (1715–1723) as an example of a special type of historical epoch, which they denote with the term “conservative transition”. Characteristic of monarchical and authoritarian regimes, such epochs are distinguished by a comparatively peaceful transition of power in conditions of social instability that threaten revolution and/ or or coup d’état. As a result of such transitions, the authorities are strengthened and power is transferred to the same social group in whose hands it lay before the beginning of the crisis. The experience of Philippe of Orléans and his advisor Guillaume Dubois demonstrates that guaranteeing a conservative transition requires extraordinary political and economic measures and the skilful mobilisation of the ruling class. This discussion of the regency allows the authors to offer a concise description of France at the moment of Peter I’s visit (April-June 1717) and to propose a new view of this extremely controversial period in French history.В статье приведены авторские размышления об интересном и сложном периоде во французской истории, когда после смерти Людовика XIV страной правил его племянник Филипп II, герцог Орлеанский. Относительно короткий период Регентства (1715–1723) авторы рассматривают как пример особого типа исторических эпох, которые они объединяют под зонтичным термином «консервативный переход». Такие эпохи, характерные для монархических и авторитарных режимов, характеризуются относительно мирным транзитом власти в условиях явной социальной нестабильности, грозящей перерасти в революцию и/или государственный переворот, причем в результате этого транзита власть укрепляется и передается тем же социальным группам, в чьих руках она находилась до наступления кризиса. Опыт Филиппа Орлеанского и его советника, а позднее первого министра аббата Дюбуа показывает, что обеспечение консервативного перехода требует принятия неординарных политико-экономических мер и умелой мобилизации правящего класса. Рассуждения о Регентстве, с одной стороны, позволяют авторам дать сжатое описание того состояния, в котором пребывало Французское королевство в момент его посещения Петром I (апрель-июнь 1717 г.), с другой – предложить новый взгляд на этот весьма неоднозначный период французской истории